吳世榮

Wu Shirong /Goh Say Eng)吳世榮

檳榔嶼位於馬來西亞北部，馬六甲海峽北海口，檳城是檳榔嶼的首府。長期的殖民統治使當地人深受西方思想文化的影響，也影響到旅居當地的華僑華人。以吳世榮、黃金慶、陳新政等為代表的檳榔嶼華僑華人不顧殖民政府、清朝領事館、保皇黨人的限制、干擾、破壞、甚至迫害，接受革命主張，開展革命活動。他們以實際行動論證了孫中山關於“華僑乃革命之母”的著名論斷。

南洋總會移師檳城成為革命策源地

自1786年檳榔嶼開埠以來，由於華僑華人人口的增多，各類華僑社團如嘉應會館（1801年）、廣東暨汀州會館（1801年）、汀州會館（1819年）、瓊州會館（1866年）等會館相繼成立。蓬勃發展的華僑社會，為孫中山在檳榔嶼宣傳革命思想奠定了群衆基礎和經濟基礎。

1905年8月20日，孫中山在日本東京成立了中國同盟會。由於受日本政府驅逐，孫中山同黃興、胡漢民等乘船到達檳城，住在小蘭亭俱樂部。檳榔嶼閩商吳世榮、黃金慶不顧孫中山被人冷落而熱情接待孫中山等。在吳世榮、黃金慶的安排下，孫中山在小蘭亭俱樂部大力宣傳“三民主義”，闡述“滿虜不去吾國必亡”的理由。孫中山富有感染力的講話，深深地感動了吳世榮、黃金慶及在場的社友陳新政、邱明昶等。

1906年，孫中山偕黃興、胡漢民、汪精衛、李竹痴等從越南又一次來到新加坡、吉隆坡、檳城。孫中山先派新加坡同盟會分會的陳楚楠、林義順持其手函先到檳城，會晤吳世榮，組織檳榔嶼同盟會分會。

1907年，隨着鎮南關起義失敗，孫中山、胡漢民、汪精衛、黃龍生等第三次來到檳城。他們一方面為宣傳革命和籌款，一方面同吳世榮、黃金慶等協商，組建“檳城閲書報社”，作為同盟會的辦公會所。

1908年，“中國同盟會南洋總機關部”設在新加坡，由於同盟會內部的歧見與形勢的變化，孫中山決定將同盟會南洋總機關部遷移至檳城，設在檳城閲書報社內。

孫中山“九次革命、五過檳城”，其家眷也前來避居，日常生活費用由陳新政、黃金慶、吳世榮、邱明昶等11人負責。汪精衛也在檳城與當地粵籍富商小姐陳璧君結婚，並與黃復生等行刺攝政王載灃而被捕入獄後，也得到吳世榮、黃金慶、陳新政出資與籌資營救。檳城還成為庇能會議的召開地點，又成為革命黨機關報《光華日報》的所在地，所以被稱為“革命策源地”。

創辦《光華日報》宣傳革命思想

1906年，在孫中山的勉勵下，黃金慶創辦了《檳城日報》，該報具有商業與中立性質，但宣傳孫中山的革命主張，應是檳榔嶼第一份宣傳革命的報紙。

黃金慶祖籍福建同安，先世旅居泰國，其父親後來遷居檳城，經營錫米生意。黃金慶從小就受到良好的華文教育，繼承父親遺業後，不但生意做得好，腰纏萬貫，而且極具膽識，傾盡家産支持革命。

1912年民國政府成立後，孫中山褒以特別旌義狀，滇督唐蓂賡（即唐繼堯）、粵督胡漢民亦贈以徽章與獎品，以表彰其對革命的貢獻。

1907年孫中山第三次來到檳城後，在策劃檳城閲書報社的同時，也着手籌辦《光華日報》，孫中山親自定名為“光華”，意為光復華夏。由於檳榔嶼當時錫礦、土産跌價、市場蕭條，經費困難而被擱置。

1909年8月，緬甸同盟會領袖莊銀安等在仰光創辦的報紙先採用了“光華”二字，稱為《光華報》，後受當局迫害而停辦。莊銀安逃來檳城，有意續辦《光華報》，後留在仰光的革命黨人將《光華報》改名為《進化報》，得以繼續出版而作罷。

1910年12月20日，檳城同盟會公推黃金慶、陳新政、邱明昶、楊漢翔、林貽博、曾受蘭等出面籌辦《光華日報》，三年後成功出版。胡漢民、雷鐵崖、張杜鵑、戴季陶、宋教仁等主持筆政。

盡管面臨着經費緊張和保皇派報紙《檳城新報》的競爭，但創辦人依舊以不屈不撓的精神，旗幟鮮明地宣傳革命。

《光華日報》不但是革命黨人在馬來亞最重要的機關報，也是馬來西亞新聞史上發行歷史最久的日報，至今仍在出版。

捐獻錢財籌措經費與軍餉

孫中山第一次到達檳榔嶼後，檳榔嶼華僑華人革命熱情不斷高漲，積極宣傳，發動籌款，大力勸捐，籌措軍餉，做出了很大的成績。

檳榔嶼華僑華人對辛亥革命的捐助數額巨大，事跡感人。從支持鎮南關、河口起義到廣州黃花崗起義，從救助新加坡《中興報》到營救汪精衛、黃復生；從成立檳城閲書報社到發行《光華日報》；從接濟革命黨人到照顧孫中山等人的眷屬，檳榔嶼華僑華人都一如既往，無私援助，其人數之多，數目之大是少有的。

如孫中山1910年11月以“中國教育義捐”的名義，為策劃廣州黃花崗起義籌款，計劃在海外籌集港幣13萬元，孫中山在籌款緊急會議上沉痛激昂的演說，感動了在場的僑胞，當場就籌得叻幣8000余元。在本次勸捐中，馬來亞各埠共籌款港幣47660元，其中檳榔嶼黃金慶經手收得11500元。

在捐資的僑胞中，有些人可以說是傾其所有，毀家紓難。吳世榮系檳榔嶼第三代華人，祖籍福建海澄。他約21歲時，從父親手中繼承了大筆遺産。1905年孫中山第一次來檳時，吳世榮、黃金慶主動熱情接待，從此受孫中山革命學說的影響，積極支援孫中山的革命事業。不但擔任檳城同盟會分會長、檳城閲書報社社長，為革命事業致力奔走，還以萬貫之財，為革命事業排憂解難，甚至將自己的産業、園坵一塊一塊地變賣出去，最後連“瑞福號”別墅也變賣出去，支援革命。

由於吳世榮對革命功勛卓絶，衆望所歸，被南洋各埠同盟會選為總代表（全球僅吳世榮和美洲代表馮自由二人），於1912年回國參加開國大典。到達南京時，孫中山親率臨時政府要員隆重歡迎，備受殊榮。

孫中山1916年3月30日還致電吳世榮、黃金慶、徐瑞林繼續寄予厚望：“聞兄等盡力向閩幫籌款，能多得濟大局，幸甚。極盼好音。”這位對孫中山忠心耿耿，肝膽相照的華僑革命黨人，甚至渴望有朝一日，自己也能葬在中山陵之旁，與孫中山為鄰。但晚年生活困苦的他，於1945年辭世，長眠於檳榔嶼。

有力支持民國臨時政府運轉

民國臨時政府與各省都督府成立後，面臨着國力薄弱，國庫空虛，財政困難，連政府的日常開支也面臨捉襟見肘的局面。在這緊急關頭，海外僑胞以極大的熱情，捐款支持新生政權的建設。如在廣東省，自1911年11月9日至1912年5月21日短短的半年多時間，華僑捐款、借款共達白銀一百七十五萬多元；福建省光復前後，得到華僑捐款亦“不下二百萬元。”

檳榔嶼華僑領袖吳世榮，在民國政府成立後，做了三件對鞏固新生政權有意義的事情。

第一，牽頭成立“南洋華僑聯合會”，致力於團結華僑，支持民國政府。1912年3月，在孫中山的贊許與支持下，吳世榮、莊嘯園、王少文、白頻洲、徐瑞霖等南洋華僑和新加坡歸僑吳蔭培、謝碧田等發起，在上海成立了中國國內最早的華僑社團組織——南洋華僑聯合會（後名稱為華僑聯合會），其宗旨是：“本會對於祖國，則代表華僑、協助實業政治之進行，對於華僑，則聯絡各界共謀保護之方法”並“聯絡海外團體，互通聲氣，以堅華僑向內之心”，“聯合國外華僑，共同一致協助祖國政治經濟外交之活動。”

大會鑒於汪精衛當時的聲望，被選任會長，吳世榮任副會長，負責全面領導工作。華僑聯合會還出版了中國第一份研究和宣傳華僑的月刊《華僑雜誌》（1913年11月創刊，1920年3月停刊）。

不久，吳世榮、王少文赴南洋組織華僑分會，作為華僑聯合會在南洋的分支機構。吳世榮等人在新馬一帶先後組建了29個華僑分會，對促進南洋與祖國的聯繫，支持二次革命、東征北伐，起了積極的作用。

第二，成立貿易機構“上海榮公司”。吳世榮不但熱心社會活動與慈善活動，而且在商務實業方面也有專長。他常說，中國欲富強，不外“才”與“財”二字。才出自教育，而財必從商業、礦業取得。因此，吳世榮成立的“上海榮公司”，致力辦理民國政府採辦事業。

第三，參與組織參股“中華實業銀行”。“中華實業銀行”是1912年孫中山親自發起籌組的，吳世榮積極響應，大力支持，本人認股10萬元，同時致函南洋各埠商界友好踴躍參股。

經過一年的籌備，中華實業銀行終於1913年5月15日開張，孫中山擔任名譽總董，吳世榮任協理，是中國與海外華僑合資興辦的第一家銀行。後因政局劇變，中華實業銀行宣告解體，吳世榮亦返回檳榔嶼。

　　摘編自海口《海南日報》

The origin of Hakka(客家人的来源)

The Hakka (客家), sometimes Hakka Han,are Han Chinese who speak the Hakka language and have links to the provincial areas of Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan and Fujian in China.

The Chinese characters for Hakka (客家) literally means "guest families". The Hakka's ancestors were often said to have arrived from what is today's central China centuries ago. In a series of migrations, the Hakkas moved, settled in their present locations in southern China, and then often migrated overseas to various countries throughout the world. The worldwide population of Hakkas is about 80 million, though the number of Hakka-language speakers is fewer. Hakka people have had a significant influence on the course of Chinese and world history: in particular, they have been a source of many revolutionary, government, and military leaders.

It is commonly held that the Hakka are a subgroup of the Han Chinese that originated in northern China. To trace their origins, three accepted theories so far have been brought forth among anthropologists, linguists, and historians: firstly, the Hakka are Han Chinese originating solely from the Central Plain in China containing today's Shanxi and Henan provinces; secondly, the Hakka are Han Chinese from the Central Plain, with some inflow of those already in the south; or thirdly, the majority of the Hakka are Han Chinese from the south, with portions coming from those in the north. The latter two are the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies. Clyde Kiang stated that the Hakka's origins may also be linked with the Han's ancient neighbors, the Dongyi and Xiongnu people (a.k.a. Huns), who later had a considerable and sometimes dominating presence in parts of northern China from the Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220) period to the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589 AD),[page needed], and eventually merged and assimilated within the general Han populace.[citation needed] This is disputed, however, by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered controversial. It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration began due to the attacks of the two afore-mentioned tribes during the Jin Dynasty (265–420).

Since the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC), the ancestors of the Hakka have migrated southwards several times because of social unrest, upheaval and invasions. Subsequent migrations also occurred at the end of the Tang Dynasty in the 10th century and during the end of the Northern Song Dynasty in 1125, the last of which saw a massive flood of refugees fleeing southward when the Jurchens captured the northern Song capital of Bianliang. A further southward migration may have continued, as the Mongols defeated the Jurchen Jin Dynasty and proceeded to take down the Southern Song, establishing the Yuan Dynasty in 1271. The precise movements of the Hakka people remain unclear during the 14th century when the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan and subsequently fell to the Manchus who formed the Qing Dynasty in 17th century. Hakka have suffered persecution and discrimination ever since they started migrating to southern parts of China.

During the reign of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1654–1722), the coastal regions were evacuated by imperial edict for almost a decade, due to the dangers posed by the remnants of the Ming court who had fled to the island of Taiwan. When the threat was eliminated, the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict to re-populate the coastal regions. To aid the move, each family was given monetary incentives to begin their new lives; newcomers were registered as "Guest Families" (客戶, kèhù).

(source: wikipedia)

Tradition states that the early Hakka ancestors traveling from north China entered Fujian first, then by way of the Tingjiang River they traveled to Guangdong and other parts of China, as well as overseas. Thus the Tingjiang River is also regarded as the Hakka Mother River.

The Hakka ancestors are thus but one group of many who migrated southwards, becoming linguistically marked by differences yet unified through cultural assonances. As of 2010 Hakka people live in the southern Chinese provinces, chiefly in Guangdong, south-western Fujian, southern Jiangxi, southern Hunan, Guangxi, southern Guizhou, south-eastern Sichuan, and on Hainan and Taiwan islands

So when you meet someone from Fujian Province(福建省)in China, or normally known as Hokkien(福建人) they may either be Min-speaking peoples(闽民系)or Hakka speaking people(客家民系). Note: Min is a short form for Fujian Province. Most of Fujian Hakka are from Western Fujian or Min-xi(閩西).

Note: Hokkien or Fujian people is the people who come from Fujian province, in Penang or Taiwan, he may be either a Hakka(客家人) or Southern Min or Minnan(闽南人). Min-nan or Hokkien (福佬話) or Quanzhou–Zhangzhou(泉州-漳州) is a group of mutually intelligible Min Nan Chinese dialects spoken by many overseas Chinese throughout Southeast Asia. Its originated from the same dialect in southern Fujian(闽南) and is mutually intelligible with the Hokkien in Taiwan. It is closely related to Teochew, though mutual comprehension is difficult, and somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese. In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien is translated as fu-jian-hua(福建話), which is wrong, it should be min-nan hua(闽南話). We must remember there are Hakka in Fujian Province...

客家，或称客家人、客家民系，在漢族中是一个具有明显特徵的一支族群，也是汉族在世界上分布范围广阔、影响深远的民系之一。不過亦有民族學者和部份客家意識強烈的人，認為客家人應是單一民族。 唐朝末宋朝初，中原漢族居民再次大举南迁，抵达粤、赣、闽三地交界處，與當地土著裡百越族原住民雜處，互通婚姻，經過千年演化最终形成相对穩定的客家人。此后，大量外迁到華南各省乃至世界各地。客家四州为梅州、赣州、汀州、惠州。而福建宁化石壁是客家传说民系形成的中心地域，「石壁」被成稱为“客家祖地”。廣東的梅州市则因其为客家人的最主要聚居区而被称为“世界客都”，而專門研究客家族群之歷史，則可稱為客家史

华商领袖郭鹤年

被遗忘在垃圾堆的大总统秘书- 雷铁崖(Lei Tieya )

在自贡贡井和平广场，曾经屹立着一个雕像，他就是贡井人的骄傲--孙中山临时大总统的秘书---雷铁崖.

雷铁崖是谁?谁是雷铁崖?

雷铁崖（1873—1920），原名昭性，字泽皆，入同盟会后署名铁崖。清同治12年9月13日（1873年11月2日）出生在富顺县自流井石头沟（今贡井区双塘乡石沟村）一盐商家庭.

四川自贡人吴玉章(1878-1966)、谢奉琦(1882-1908)和“雷铁崖(1873-1920)堪称辛亥革命之“三杰”....

雷铁崖是槟城光華日報第一任總編輯(1910-1912).....

1910,檳城閱書報社带头开会议决招股出版，选出六人专办此事，他们是：黄金庆、陈新政、丘明旭、杨汉翔、林贻博及曾受兰。时适胡汉民因营救汪精卫（因在北京刺杀摄政 王戴沣不遂被捕（1910年4月16日））出狱事来槟城会陈璧君（她是槟城人，于1912年在广州下嫁汪精卫），巧遇上阅书报社要组织报馆，乃由胡汉民代 撰招股序文及简章，并即介绍编辑人员。雷铁崖（曾任总编辑）及张仕鹃即为胡汉民与孙中山商定后所聘请者(谢诗坚, 2010)

創刊於1910年12月2日的《光華日報》，是由中華民國國父孫中山先生創立，報名出自中山先生的構想，含「光復華夏」之意，中山先生並親手寫下這四個字，這四個字即是近百年來《光華日報》的刊頭和建築物招牌上的字體。《光華日報》创刊社址是120号打铜仔街(120, Armenian Street, Penang)

雷铁崖为创刊(1910年12月2日，即庚戌年农历十一月初一)初期的《光华日报》报头题字。

《光華日報》由胡漢民和檳城華僑如黃金慶、吳世榮、陳新政等共同創刊，第一任總編輯為中山先生欣賞的四川才子雷鐵崖。當時是中山先生授意胡漢民寫信力邀雷鐵崖，再由中山先生兄長孫眉到上海力邀，雷鐵崖才同意到檳城上任，而在雷鐵崖的邀請之下，戴季陶（又名戴天仇）也南來檳城出任編輯之職。

創刊初期，《光華日報》每天出版兩大張，社論、新聞、廣告一應具全，為了爭奪保皇派報紙的輿論陣地，雷鐵崖在《光華日報》履任的一年餘期間，以社論、諧文、笑話、雜談的方式，發表文章近百篇，他極具震撼力和鼓動性的寫作方式，日獲當地華僑敬重，國民黨元老馮自由後來曾說，南洋華僑在辛亥革命中提供的人力和財力，雷鐵崖的一枝筆功不可沒。

在這期間，《光華日報》風行海內外，上海、廣州、福州、檀香山、舊金山、香港、新加坡等地71處均設代理。後來中山先生革命成功出任臨時大總統之際，雷鐵崖還曾返大陸擔任中山先生的祕書。

據1911年5月24日的檳榔嶼《光華日報》記載，羅仲霍(1881-1911, 黄花岗烈士)回國前曾拜訪自貢名人雷鐵崖，兩個人行祭飲之禮後，羅仲霍自言自語說：「此行實省老母，顧能再南渡否，不可知。」國難當前，羅仲霍仍有拳拳孝心，難怪雷鐵崖感慨地說：「世豈有忘親事敵之人，而能捨生取義者哉。」

他担任斯职为期一年有余，1912 年返国抵沪.

1920年5月8日，雷铁崖这位中国近代史上一生追求革命，四次创办刊物并任主编或主笔的宣传家重病去世，终年48岁。

今天, 雷铁崖的雕像被遗忘在垃圾堆中.....

遗憾, 遗憾.....

报业巨子、诗人雷铁崖(1873-1920)
陈思逊

（一）

雷铁崖是辛亥革命时期的报业巨子、诗人，曾任临时大总统孙中山的秘书。雷铁崖原名昭性，字泽皆，初号詟皆，正号铁崖，联系其姓氏，用意欲以雷霆之声唤醒国人。1873年11月2日 （清同治十二年九月十三日），生于四川富顺县自流井（今属自贡市）一盐商家庭。在弟兄五人中雷昭性行四，后因父亲经营盐业不善而遭破产，雷铁崖只得辍学，割牛草助父谋生。1894年（清光绪二十年），雷铁崖与李宗吾、谢奉奇、曾昭鲁等同入炳文书院，就读于卢庆家山长门下。1900年，参加府试，与弟雷民心（昭仁）同进秀才。求学期问，雷嗜性理学，言行凝重，曾自比宋儒，被同学戏吁为詟圣。随二十世纪初，空前严重的民族危机和民主革命思想的广泛传播，雷深受感染，开始接受新思想，“好说改革，乡人目为王安石”。1904年6月，他偶遇自东京留学归来者，得悉东京留学界情况，极思往会该处革命分子。乃于当年9月，约集同志赴日留学。是时家乡风气末开，父兄阻其行。得母陈氏与岳父李玉廷之助，潜行得脱，雷铁崖启程是半夜偷逃的，只有好友张荔丹在釜溪河畔送行。后由泸州东下，出三峡，11月抵沪，于1905年1月到达日本，先后就读于大成学校和宏文学院。作为“激荡于新潮流，民族思想愈勃发不可遏”的诗人，以挺身而出拯救危亡为己任，现在他终于如愿东渡，“一曲骊歌辞祖国，几回搔首望慈严”；他在《旅夜偶书》中吟道：“难国风尘奴隶泪，北听烽火虎狼兵。男儿不拯神州劫，辜负龙泉壁上鸣。”在《步剑华原韵》中写道：“渭水潮流归猛恶，骊山烽火伴登临。匈奴未灭家河有？无定河边莫苦吟。”

1905年，孙中山自美国抵日本，8月20日，中国同盟会在东京成立。五天后，雷铁崖由孙中山介绍、川籍同学黄树中主盟加入。他经常撰述革命论作，发表于《民报》。9月，与四川留日学生共同创办《鹃声》杂志，开始其文字鼓吹的革命生涯。《鹃声》以“发明公理，拥护人权”为主旨，通过宣传，唤起四川及全国同胞挽救民族危机，建设新的中国。在创刊词中引用了古诗句：“子规夜半犹蹄血，不信东风唤不回”，以表明同仁的恳切态度和坚定信心。雷铁崖任主笔的《鹃声》杂志，因主张革命排满最激烈，被清吏参奏为“专以叛国革命为宗旨”；“清政府惊呼：”“此报若行，将乱中国”。遂通过驻日公使明令封禁。1907年3至5月，雷铁崖独立复刊《鹃声》，出版《鹃声》复兴第一号，改用文言文作掩护，继续坚持爱国革命宣传活动，在文章中，主张用革命手段破坏专制政体，“恢复祖国，以建民主政体”。

1907年12月，吴玉章在东京创办《四川》杂志，雷铁崖担任编辑和撰述工作。该杂志以“输入文明，开通民智”为宗旨，有“西南半壁警钟”之称，在当时颇有影响。雷不仅诗兴联翩，大抒爱国怀抱，还认为蜀中西鄙之地，锢蔽为甚，他必须效申公说法，一醒聋玻，呕心沥血。他在论著《警告全蜀》的长篇论述中，以犀利的文笔，记述了自《辛丑条约》签订后，帝国主义瓜分中国的险象，我国子民处于“刀下之肉糜”和“枪下之血肉”之境遇。要挽救中国的危亡，就必须破除对政府、官吏、士绅的“依赖病”，依靠爱国志士的共同努力来完成。他号召人们“各尽心力，合力图谋”去拯救国家。《四川》杂志后来因言论激烈，被日本政府封禁。1909年7月，返沪任中国新公学等校教职，以民族思想灌输学生，其间因仇家以革命党陷害，清吏指名捕拿，仓卒间逃到杭州西湖白云庵为僧。在为僧期间，仍任浙学生创办的《越报》编辑，作发刊词，并撰《名说》，批判儒家的纲常名教思想。他在文中疾呼：“今之中国，已如大厦之将倾，非推去旧宇、重建鸿模，其何以历风霜而蔽风雨？故欲谋今日之中国，必先涤尽旧日之陈朽，以改良社会之观念。”而后始足“以铸造新国民，以竞争新世界。”这时期雷也发表了不少诗歌，在《题〈四川〉杂志》末尾写道：“强权世界风云惨，亡国名词父老思。一寸河山一寸泪，写来红润笔花枝。”在《忆蜀》中则表现诗人对故乡的怀念之情，其中吟曰：“哀鸿遍野草离离，怕说红羊浩劫时。岂独焚身高氏鬼，又逢哭庙汉家儿。三秋禾黍蜀官泪，五色花笺古井悲。白雪阳春和不得，萦怀故国总情痴。”

（二）

1908年底，雷铁崖由日本回国，寓居上海。他痛人心不醒，思借学校教育鼓吹革命，乃受聘于上海中国新公学任教，民国名人胡适也在该校任英语教师，胡与川藉学生但懋辛等人来往较多，因此与雷也有交往。1909年秋，端方在上海搜捕革命党人，雷铁崖被通缉。匆忙中雷向胡适借了床棉被，连夜赶到杭州白云庵出家，怀着“英雄失败只逃禅”的无奈心情遁入空门。每晚都睡不着，睡不着就写诗，以哀鸣啼血的杜鹃自况，用悲愤的歌声唤醒国人。诗作中充满了 “杜鹃夜半声凄绝，不是愁人也泪流”, “竖尽星旗思拍马，招来蜀魂再啼鹃”。“杜字啼红春欲泪．长弘化碧月留痕”“一寸山河一寸泪，啼来红润笔花枝”, “五月悲秋游子梦，三更啼月蜀王魂”; “身随野鹤饭金粟，心有啼鹃痛铁函”, “鹃因口瘁啼衔赤，烛为心伤泪堕红”之类的诗句。不仅四川党人读了要流泪，在南社中也广为传诵，博得了“啼鹃诗人”的美名。在《参禅白云古刹苦不能静诗以遣之》的长诗中，叙述他身坐蒲团，心却荡游；“忽刺秦皇胸，忽斩楼兰首。忽悲乌江驹，忽饮黄龙酒；或击祖生楫。或撞亚父斗；或恸钟期情，或泣任肪后。”有时坐着坐着，还忽然佯狂地唱起《满江红》来。后来他吟诵着“金戈铁马文明血，荆棘铜驼祖国秋。谁遣骄儿横海窟．阿童持节下龙舟”，乘槎去了南洋。

1910年7月，反清革命活动处于低潮，孙中山决定将南洋支部迁往马来西亚地区的槟榔屿。当时以孙中山为首的革命派，急需南洋华侨提供足够的财力、人力，以持续支持在华南地区的武装起义。这就需要大造革命舆论，来鼓动华侨捐资筹款。而此前革命派建立的“开明演说书报社”、《中兴日报》，已相继关闭和停刊，因此，孙中山决定创办《光华日报》。中山先生原想让胡汉民任总编，后考虑雷铁崖最恰当，便让胡邀请雷来槟榔屿，又让长兄孙眉到上海催促。1910年秋，雷从上海出发，经香港到南洋，筹组该报创刊，并由方次石、周杜鹃等人协助。《光华日报》的命名，为孙中山先生手定，意思是“光复华夏”。张群指出：“光华者，以光复中华为职志者也。光有二义，一曰光复，二曰光大。”“在清之季，革命力量集中于推翻满清帝制，故先破坏而后建设，宣传方针亦准此趋向，以努力创造环境，前仆后继，再接再厉，艰难险阻，百折不挠，卒能有所成就，收文字革命之功。”

《光华日报》于当年12月2日创刊后，即与《槟城新报》为首的保皇党报刊，展开激烈论战。在论战中，雷铁崖笔锋犀利，鞭辟入里，文笔极富鼓动性和震撼力。他不仅以社论长文制敌，还间以谐文、短论、幽默、小品、时评等灵活多样的形式出击，予论敌以重创。经过近100天的大论战，《槟城新报》招架不住，连换三任主笔，最后败下阵来。南洋华侨从此对雷非常敬重。革命派从而夺取了槟榔屿这块舆论阵地，并取代了新加坡成为同盟会海外革命指挥中心。其时，孙中山召开槟榔屿会议不久，即赴美洲各地劝募华侨，走前特请雷铁崖教授两女孙蜒孙婉国学。1911年底，孙蜒到美国留学。次年雷接到孙蜒从美国的来信，正打算回复时，却得到意外的消息：孙蜒因病回澳门已不治而逝，年仅19岁。悲痛之余，曾写诗悼曰：“一书绝笔悲无复，万里还乡病不知。噩耗骤闻伤往事，蛮风蜒雨学诗时”。雷铁崖主持《光华日报》一年有余，发表署名文章达278篇之多，长篇连载64次，诗作21首，加上旧作整理，几乎天天都有雷的作品见报。这是雷铁崖办报生涯中，最为辉煌的时期。该报畅销各地，一时洛阳纸贵。上海、广州、汕头、福州等地，多家报社代为销售，其设在香港、南洋和美洲等地的代理处，多达71个。国民党元老冯自由曾回忆说：“时总理远游欧美，黄克强、胡汉民均已他适。独次石与蜀人雷铁崖在报上大声急呼，发聋振聩，使英、荷两属侨胞之精神为之大振。”后来，南洋华侨在人力物力上大力支持孙中山，为国民革命作出了巨大贡献，其中雷铁崖的宣传鼓动，功不可没。

（三）

1912年元旦，中华民国政府在南京成立，孙中山被选为临时大总统，胡汉民任总统府秘书长，雷铁崖应邀担任秘书，并转邀好友柳亚子同往。柳受不了约束，以吃不惯西餐为借口，挂冠先去上海。只干了半个月，当时胡汉民等人主张对袁世凯和谈，雷铁崖极为不满，结果只干了半个月，也卷被辞职，索性到西湖游玩去了。走时写下一首诗：“一笑飘然去，霜风透骨寒。八年革命党，半月秘书官。稷下竽吹暂，邯郸梦已残。西湖山色好，莫让老憎看。”同年6月，雷铁崖回四川探亲。在轮船上，一位不堪主妇凌虐的幼婢，因过度疲惫而失足坠江，诗人为此悲愤难抑，在斥责封建专制的不平等后，面对大洋彼岸的自由民主先驱嗟谈：“共和虽云建，平等究何果。谣望美利坚，呜呼林肯颇。”回到故乡自流井，时隔八年，物是人非，心情十分复杂，他对此吟诗曰：“半肩行李带嚣尘，历遍风云剩此身。万里初归沧海客，十年重见故乡人。离家岂识桑田改，入境频惊景物新。望到闾门翻瑟缩，倦游季子旧时贫。”同年年底，雷铁崖应邀到北京，担任国民政府嵇勋局审议员，并参加垦植协会本部工作，同时兼代《民主报》主笔。

1913年3月20日，宋教仁在上海车站被刺。22日，雷铁崖发表《宋教仁被暗杀之研究》，抨击袁世凯政府为“暗杀政府”，“厉行专制，灭绝革命”。4月，袁世凯向英、法、日、德、俄五国签订善后大借款，他又著文斥“政府之罪恶”。 讨袁 “二次革命”失败后，袁世凯大肆控捕革命党人，身居北京的雷铁崖也受到监视，处境艰危。他在德国友人何德梅的帮助下，不久即潜离北京，经上海、福建转赴南洋，并于1914年5月在新加坡创办《国民日报》，继续从事反袁宣传。该报由雷铁崖和金碧梧主笔政，雷撰写了发刊词，紧接着发表长文《敬告南洋同志》，揭露袁世凯祸国殃民的罪行，劝导华侨再接再厉坚持革命，对那些势利而又投机的“准同志”，作了辛辣的讽刺和斥责。1915年1月17日，他又发表《梅袁同异论》，把袁世凯与恶魔梅特里（Metternich,1848年前奥地利外交大臣和首相）相提并论，说袁之侦探密布全国，“暗杀栽诬，万恶丛发”，其特务害民手段，较之梅特里“辣心毒手有过之无不及”。此后，他一发而不可收拾，继续写出大量诗文反袁，直到当年9月，《国民日报》因故停刊为止。

1916年6月，袁世凯病死，雷铁崖曾一度回到上海。鉴于当时政府受北洋军阀掌控，局势仍很混乱，雷只有重返新加坡。由于国事日非，忧怀难释，他就借酒浇愁，时在醉乡，终于渐成精神病态。只要有人提到国事，他就狂歌笑骂不止。南洋华侨于1919年2月护送雷回上海修养，后因再度发病，朋友只好将雷送回老家自流井。雷铁崖回乡后的晚景，据厚黑教主李宗吾所见，这位啼鹃诗人仍是“满肚皮不合时宜，对时事非常愤懑。旋得疯癫病，终日抱一瓶酒，逢人即乱说。常常独自一人，倒卧街中，人事不醒，警察看见把他弄回。”1920年5月8日，雷铁崖重病去世，终年48岁。“鹃因口瘁啼衔赤”，这位中国近代史上的志士仁人，死得非常凄清寂寞。1925年3月，上海《民国日报》在“征求雷铁崖先生诗文启事”中写道：他“坎坷一生，未尝稍贬其节”、“革命先觉，功成不居，蒿目时艰，卒以忧死”等语，对雷铁崖的一生，做了恰当的评价。

（四）

雷铁崖还是辛亥革命时期一位有成就的诗人，其书法也名噪学界。他同清末民初的重要革命文学团体“南社”及柳亚子等人关系密切。从1910年4月“南社”在西湖唐庄第二次雅集起,雷铁崖多次参加“南社”的集会和重要活动。柳亚子称他“工诗文书法”，大陆华东师范大学出版社印行的《雷铁崖集》一书中，收有一百余篇诗作。综观雷铁崖的诗歌作品，绝无旧时文人吟风弄月、无病呻吟之作，而是以爱国精神和革命宣传为主线。他前期去国怀想，游子苦吟，充满了对国家危亡和民生凋敝的忧愤之情。当国家面临列强侵略，人民在苦难中呻吟，而清朝统治者却一派歌舞升平，成天醉生梦死，“满座貂禅贺太平”，自然引起爱国者的愤懑。作为“激荡于新潮流，民族思想愈勃发不可遏”的诗人，以挺身而出拯救危亡为己任，他在《旅夜偶书》中吟道：“难国风尘奴隶泪，北听烽火虎狼兵。男儿不拯神州劫，辜负龙泉壁上鸣。”在《步剑华原韵》中写道：“渭水潮流归猛恶，骊山烽火伴登临。匈奴未灭家河有？无定河边莫苦吟。”同时，又以哀鸣啼血的杜鹃自况，用悲愤的歌声唤醒国人。诗作中充满了“杜鹃夜半声凄绝，不是愁人也泪流”, “竖尽星旗思拍马，招来蜀魂再啼鹃”。“杜字啼红春欲泪．长弘化碧月留痕”“一寸山河一寸泪，啼来红润笔花枝”, “五月悲秋游子梦，三更啼月蜀王魂”; “身随野鹤饭金粟，心有啼鹃痛铁函”, “鹃因口瘁啼衔赤，烛为心伤泪堕红”之类的诗句。不仅四川党人读了要流泪，在南社中也广为传诵，博得了“啼鹃诗人”的美名。

雷铁崖的后期诗歌，表现出对民主革命的不成功，充满了极为失望的情绪。由于辛亥革命不彻底，袁世凯“帝制自为，颠覆共和”，致使专制主义复辟。雷铁崖力主反袁，把这个“冢中枯骨”称黄之日，视为共和“出殡”之时。他怒斥这一独夫民贼“终使神皋归分擘，河山何处余寸尺”；他常表现出落寞、悲愤难平的心境，意识到民生问题的严峻与迫切，他在《彝陵夜泊》中写道：“国难未闻生卜式，闾闫安得稳高眠。”在回川的路上，他一面吟诵“漫嗟行路难，吾将归老矣”、“英雄仍作旧书生”；一面又放浪形骸，流连歌场声色，“妇人醇酒傲风尘”。他常借酒浇愁，吟诗作赋，继而乘醉狂书。他思想矛盾，报国无门，反映出当时一位忧国忧民诗人的复杂心情，也是中国近代志士仁人中悲剧性格的人物。这就注定了他的诗歌，具有苍劲沉凝而又凄婉悲壮的风格。

(source: 陈思逊 自贡市民间文艺家协会副主席, http://www.eyii.com/news/member/20071014/2729.html)

< Copyright © 一宁网 转载时请务必以超链接形式标明文章原始出处和作者信息 (http://www.eyii.com/news/member/20071014/2729.html ) / 陈思逊 自贡市民间文艺家协会副主席>

雷铁崖故居 & 雷铁崖墓

雷铁厓故居地址及位置：四川省自贡市贡井区长土镇石沟村 3 组，背靠池塘山，面向石头沟及东碳厂。北纬 29 21，东经 104 42，海拔高程 331.7 米。 雷铁压故居始建于清中期，坐北向南。占地面积约 3000 平方米。贡井名人辛亥革命志士雷铁压的祖宅，现存建筑面积 350平方米，原有上、中、下三厅，戏楼，左、右侧院构成，庭院式四层复四合院，木柱、半架结构、悬山式屋顶、屋脊灰塑宝顶，飞檐翘角，檐下雕梁画栋，门窗、撑仿、柱础均存雕功。现大部分布局改变、结构改变。雷家大房子修建一直是雷氏家族住宅，解放时政府接收分给村民居住，部分留给雷家子孙。雷铁压从政府辞职回乡，居住于雷家大房子老宅并在老宅病逝，去世后即葬在雷家大房子左侧坡地上。该院落1957 年中厅被焚毁，由于村民修拆建布局和结构大变，现仅剩后厅一列正房，面阔 5 间 23 米，进深 3 间 13 . 28 米。 2006 年 7 月，贡井区将雷家大院及雷铁压墓公布不可移动文物点。

“原来这个院子很大，有八个天井，几十间屋，现在雷家的人都搬走了……这的确是一座大院子，但已经残破不堪得让人感到苍凉。不过，其高耸的屋脊和有着精美浮雕的挑撑依稀可见曾经的风光。老人热心地指着大院东面荒坡中一小快草地说，“这就是雷铁崖的坟”。我们都感到吃惊：这哪像个坟啊？既无垒土，更无墓碑，分明是一堆荒草嘛！我们虔心暴走半天而来，就权当它是铁崖墓吧！(http://zg.sced.cn/htmls/20110415163055.html)


可怜的民主革命,可悲的革命家.....

可悲的中国....自豪的经济成就，甚至不能保护自己的文化遗产, 革命家雕像,故居; 中国人已忘记了这位革命家 .....遗憾, 遗憾.....

也就是槟城人的失望....

雷铁崖是槟城光華日報第一任總編輯(1910-1912), 现在, 《光华日报》已经成为世界華文報業新聞史上發行歷史最久的華文日報.....世界曆史最久之民營華文報...

《光華日報》创刊社址是120号打铜仔街(120, Armenian Street, Penang), 如今是孫中山檳城基地紀念館.

槟城人不会忘记雷铁崖(Lei Tieya).....

References & Further Study:

1. 历史学家：1220是创刊纪念日　百年前今天《光华日报》诞生, http://cnews.cari.com.my/news.php?id=7871
2. 石头沟里闻啼鹃 暴走铁崖故居, http://zg.sced.cn/htmls/20110415163055.html
3. 被遗忘在垃圾堆的大总统秘书, http://club.kdnet.net/dispbbs.asp?boardid=1&id=6974695&page=1&1=1#6974695
4. 孙中山与《光华日报》（下）,谢诗坚, http://www.kwongwah.com.my/index.php?view_type=news&date=20101220&id=24
5. 拜谒吴玉章故居 纪念辛亥革命,http://zg.sced.cn/htmls/20110415160635.html
6. 谢奉琦故居设立标牌, http://www.dgjjq.com/show.php?cid=2&classid=2&id=297
7. 大公井古盐文化旅游区, http://www.dgjjq.com/list.php?cid=3
8. 雷铁崖, http://www.phoer.net/people/l/leitieya.htm

Dr TH Lee(李登輝), President of Fudan University

Li Denghui(李登輝, 1872-1947) has the same Chinese name identical with Lee Tenghui(李登輝, born 1923)of Taiwan. He was in Penang from 1899 -1901 as teacher of early Methodist Boy's School, Penang, formerly known as Anglo Chinese School Penang (ACS Penang).

 

This Li Denghui(李登輝, 1872-1947) is not the former President of Taiwan, Lee Teng-hui(李登輝, born 1923), a Chinese Hakka who has a Japanese name Iwasato Masao (岩里政男)and considered as Father of Taiwan Independence. Educated mainly in Japanese except post graduate studies in USA. Born in Taiwan. He is a politician, has affinity to Japan. He is agriculturist and politician. He is still alive, and despite old age, still active in the Taiwan independence movement to divide China.

Lee Teng-hui(李登輝, born 1923)President of Taiwan
Lee was born to a Hakka family in the rural farming community of Sanzhi(Sanshi-kyō), Taipei County (Taihoku, now New Taipei City), Taiwan (under Japanese rule at that time). As a child, he often dreamed of traveling abroad, and became an avid stamp collector. Growing up during the Japanese rule of Taiwan, he developed a strong affinity for Japan. His father was a middle-level Japanese police aide and his brother served and died in the Imperial Japanese Navy. Lee—one of only four Taiwanese students in his high school class—graduated with honors and was given a scholarship to Japan's Kyoto Imperial University, then known as Kyoto Technical School. A lifelong collector of books, Lee was heavily influenced by Japanese thinkers like Nitobe Inazo and Nishida Kitaro in Kyoto. In 1944 he too volunteered for service in the Imperial Japanese Army and became a second lieutenant officer of an anti-aircraft gun in Taiwan. He was ordered back to Japan in 1945 and participated in the clean-up after the great Tokyo firebombing of March, 1945. Lee stayed in Japan after the surrender and graduated from Kyoto University in 1946. He later graduated from National Taiwan University in agricutural science, and further studied at post graduate level at Iowa State University(Master in agricultural economic) and Cornell University(PHD). he was first communist, and then joined KMT. When Chiang Ching-kuo died in January 1988 and Lee succeeded him as President of Taiwan.(wikipeidia)

He is a different person, much more senior, he was Lee Teng Hwee outside China and Dr TH Lee to the west. He was the beloved former President of Fudan University.

This Li Denghui, was a Nanyang Fujian Chinese, born in Indonesia. He studied in ACS, Singapore. He was a former teacher from ACS Penang, now Methodist Boy's School, Penang, and the first President of Fudan University(复旦大学), Shanghai, China. His education background was Christian Anglo-Saxon ACS, and US educated from Yale. He was educationalist and social reformist, not politician. He supported the resistance during the 2nd Sino-Japanese War. He was in the movement to unite China during 1905-1947 until he died.

The only common is they are both Christian. Dr TH Lee is a Methodist, President Lee of Taiwan is Presbyterian.



Li Denghui/Lee Teng Hwee(1873-1947)President of Fudan

Li Denghui (李登輝, 1872-1947, zi Tingfei, 騰飛), was the president of Fudan University during 1917-1937.

Li's ancestors came from Tong'an District, Fujian Province(福建同安人), but he was born in Batavia or Djakarta on 18-4-1872, Dutch East Indies. He is the eldest son of Lie Khay Gwan, a batik merchant.

Batavia(巴達維亞,now Djakarta )1872-1886
Born in 1872, eldest son of Lie Khay Gwan , to the family of a poor farmer with a small trading business in a small West Java town near Batavia (Djakarta), he was the eldest in a family with five brothers and two sisters. He studied at an elementary school, going by horsecart, but staying at home on rainy days to help his mother look after his siblings. His mother's death in 1885 when he was just 13 affected the business but Denghui showed little interest in the business or domestic chores. After his father remarried, he agreed to let the restless lad go to Singapore to further his studies in 1886 when he was 14 years old.

Singapore 1886-1889, 1891
He arrived fairly soon after ACS was founded, and was entrusted to his father's business associate, one Mr Tan, who looked after him and arranged for him to be enrolled in the school. With an emphasis on English, science and mathematics, together with regular Bible study, a number of students became Christians, and Denghui's Christian faith and his belief in the value of loyalty, purity, generosity and love came from his three years at Anglo Chinese School(ACS), Singapore.

In his second and third year, he had all his meals with the Rev William Oldham, while he would wander off after church on Sundays to ponder over the window of knowledge which he widened when he went overseas to study Greek, Latin, French, the arts and literature of the Renaissance, and English Literature - a background from which he was later to teach at Fudan University.

At ACS, he was a good scholar, and must have impressed Oldham who accompanied him to Batavia some time in 1889 (before going on medical leave in America). With Oldham's encouragement and financial assistance from the Methodist Mission, he sailed for America in 1891 where he spent some time at Ohio Wesleyan University preparatory to admission to Yale from where he graduated with a BA degree in 1899.

Note: ACS was founded on March 1, 1886 by Bishop William Fitzjames Oldham, as an extension of the Methodist Church. Its first location was a shophouse at 70 Amoy Street with a total of 13 pupils. We do not know is Lee among the first batch students. The name of the school came from the fact that it conducted lessons in English in the nights and Chinese in the afternoons. By the following year, enrollment had increased to 104, and the school moved to Coleman Street on 15-11-1886. There were 28 students, Lee teng Hui was the student among the 28 at Coleman Street. Lee Teng Hwee was the price winner for standard 1 in 1887. (source: ACS Magazine, 1904)

1891-1899 America
At ACS, he was a good scholar, and must have impressed Oldham who accompanied him to Batavia some time in 1889 (before going on medical leave in America). With Oldham's encouragement and financial assistance from the Methodist Mission, he sailed for America in 1891 where he spent some time at Ohio Wesleyan University preparatory to admission to Yale from where he graduated with a BA degree in 1899. At Yale, he followed a humanities course and studied Greek, Latin, French, the arts of the Renaissance and English Literature. Soon after, he responded to a call by Bishop Thoburn for teachers to serve in Methodist schools in this country.

1899 -1901 , 1904 Penang
His Christian background now encouraged him to answer Bishop Thoburn's call for volunteer missionaries to teach in India and Malaysia, as did James Hoover - who later became a key Methodist missionary in Sarawak. Both men actually sailed together to Penang where they joined the staff of ACS Penang(now MBS, Methodist Boy's School), and were members of the school committee along with Dr. B. F. West, G. F. Pykett and J. W. W. Hogan in 1900.

ACS Penang was found by Rev BH Balderston on 28-5-1891. , G. F. Pykett was appointed principal on 10-4-1893. On 1-1-1897, the school moved to Maxwell Road from the Carnarvon Street. TH Lee(Lee Teng Hwee) arrived from America in Sept 1899. He took the class of Standard VI. No mention of when Lee left the school(ACS Magazine, 1904)
Li Denghui as an intensely patriotic Nanyang Chinese, bitterly disappointed at the failure of the efforts by early Chinese patriots like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao to modernise China and he thus resolved to devote his life to serve its people. He founded a debating society in 1899, similar to that established earlier in Singapore by Dr Lim Boon Keng whom he met in Penang. He linked the causes of the problems besetting China to a blindly conservative mentality, an incompetent, corrupt and unjust ruling class, the exclusion of women from education, and the observance of ancestral worship. This led him towards the need for reform in China.

Deciding that his future lay in social action, Li Denghui left Penang, and spent three years in Batavia unsuccessfully pursuing his ideal of providing a new kind of education. In 1904, he revisited Penang, meeting a number of other Nanyang Chinese with similar ideals - Dr Wu Lian Teh, Dr Gu Li Ting and Hong Mu Huo - firming up some ideas which were later applied in China, where he spent the rest of his life.

1901-1903 Batavia

Li Denghui left Penang, and spent three years in Batavia unsuccessfully pursuing his ideal of providing a new kind of education.

Li was active in Strait Chinese Reform Movement in Batavia, he and Lim Boon Keng,OBE(林文慶) made regular trips from Singapore to Batavia to publicize the movement. In 1895, Lim was member of the British Legislative Council in Singapore. he headed a Commission Of Inquiry into the sources of poverty in Singapore(1896). Lim was also a justice of the peace and a member of the Chinese Advisory Board. Lim founded the Philomatic society and published the first Straits Chinese Magazine in 1897. He campaigned against the wearing of the pigtails among Chinese men, and opium smoking, forming Anti-Opium Society in Singapore.

Lim Boon Keng, who started promoting modern Chinese education during the Confucian revival movement in the Straits Settlements at the end of the 19th century, played an important role in the initial stages of the educational movement in Java. A report shows that Lim Boon Keng appointed THHK’s first principal. He also appointed a teacher for THHK. In 1902, on the occasion of celebrating the anniversary of the THHK school, The Straits Chinese Magazine, edited by Lim Boon Keng and Song Ong Siang, acknowledged THHK’s contribution in awakening the Indies Chinese and praised the spirit of reform in the Dutch East Indies(source: The Educational Movement in Early 20th Century Batavia and Its Connections with Singapore and China, by Oiyan Liu, ).

Tiong Hoa Hwee Kwan or THHK(中华会馆, Zhong Hua Hui Guan), or in Indonesian language, Rumah Perkumpulan Tionghoa, was an organization establsihed on 17-3-1900 by the local Batavia Chinese. It was popularly known as THHK Batavia (Bahoa)by the locals. A Chinese school, Tiong Hoa Hak Tong(巴城中華學堂, later changed its name to Sekolah Tiong Hoa HWE Koan, Sekolah PA HOA(八華學校), 1901-1966)established on 17-3- 1901 by Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan-Batavia or THHK Batavia or Bahoa (椰城中华会馆, , established on 17-3- 1900)with the goal to reform the oversea Chinese in Dutch East Indies(now Indonesia). The school was located at 31, Jalan Patekoan(八帝贯街), now Jalan Perniagaan Raya, that was why it was called Sekolah PA HOA(八華學校). It was the first Chinese school in Dutch East Indies(now Indonesia). (source: Prominent Indonesian Chinese: biographical sketches, by Leo Suryadinata, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1995, pg 75). Today Sekolah Terpadu Pahoa (八华学校) is located at Summarecon Serpong, Tangerang.

Soon after THHK’s foundation, the association extended its reach to Batavia with the institutionalisation of the English school called Yale Institute(耶鲁学院). Yale Institute was supervised by the THHK, but founded by Lee Teng-Hwee, a Batavia-born Peranakan Chinese who had started an English school in Penang with Lim Boon Keng after his studies at the Anglo-Chinese School in Singapore (source: The Educational Movement in Early 20th Century Batavia and Its Connections with Singapore and China, by Oiyan Liu). The founding of English school supervised by THHH revealed the influence of the Singapore publicists on the movement. The Confucian Revival Movement in Singapore was part of the larger Straits Chinese Reform Movement.

Lee established an English elementary school and named after his alma mater, Yale Institue (Yale Institution, Afdeeling) C of Perkumpulan THHK ) on 1-9- 1901 at Batavia(now Jakarta), he left in 1903. He also taught in Tiong Hoa Hak Tong(巴城中華學堂).

At that time THHH was still under the influence sphere of reformist movement Baohuanghui (保皇會) or Protect the Emperor Society of Kang You-wei(康有为/康有為, 1858-1927)along with his famed student, Liang Qichao, were important participants in a campaign to modernize China now known as the Hundred Days' Reform. Establishment of Chong Hwa School(中华学堂) or Confucius School(尊孔学堂),and Confucius society(孔教会) were part of their activities. Lee left in 1903 after unsuccessfully pursuing his ideal of providing a new kind of education under the sphere of reformists influence. (source:http://www.pahoa.or.id/history.php)

On January 1905, Yale Institute(巴城耶鲁学院)and Tiong Hoa Hak Tong(中华学堂)merged to form Sekolah Pa Hoa(八華學校).

Lee was also involved in establishing the Lie Loen Hwee in Batavia, a Chinese debating club.

1903 San Francisco Bar his entry to USA

1903 - On the 19th July., Teng Hwee Lee, a graduate of Yale in 1899, arrived at San Francisco and was not permitted to land. He had been teaching in the Straits Settlement and had returned to this country to take a graduate course at one of our universities. Unfortunately he did not have with him the certificate which entitled him to admission,( The Independent, Volume 55, 1904- 1947 Shanghai, Published for the proprietors by S.W. Benedict, 1903) A young Chinamen, Teng Hwee Lee, is held at San Francisco, awaiting permission to enter the linked States. He is a graduate of Yale, class of '99, and, after establishing an English school at Batavia, has returned to this country to take a post graduate course in political economy at Columbia University. Mr Lee has hired a lawyer but does..( American Co-operator, Volume 2, Issue 41 - Volume 3, Issue 76, 1903)

BAR OUT CHINESE SCHOLAR.; Teng Hwee Lee, Yale, '99, Likely to be Deported - He Wished to Enter Columbia.( The New York Times,July 20, 1903,pg1)

It was sad for the young Chinese for failure to continue his study at Columbia University, the problem at the immigration can be easily resolved on the spot, but the bureaucratic with racial biases, deprived the young Lee the opportunity to further his post graduate degree. It may be disappointment at that time, but it was a blessing for Fudan later.

Penang 1904

In 1904, he revisited Penang, meeting a number of other Nanyang Chinese with similar ideals - Dr Wu Lian Teh/Dr Gnoh Lean Tuck(伍连德, 1879-1960, who left to China in 1907), Dr Gu Li Ting and Hong Mu Huo - firming up some ideas which were later applied in China, where he spent the rest of his life. 　

The movement for the federation of world Chinese students was suggested by Mr Tse Tsan Tai(謝纘泰/謝贊泰, 1872-1938, first Chinese to fly an airship, China in 1899), in his letter to his friend, Dr Gnoh Lean Tuck(伍连德), MA,MD(Cantab)of Penang in Oct 1904, and Dr Gnoh and his friends in Penang was the one to set the ball rolling in the right direction.( Eastern Daily Mail and Straits Morning Advertiser, 11 September 1905, Page 3)

On 7th June 1904, Lee Teng Hwee arrived in the colony(Hong Kong) on board SS Darmstadt, and after conferring with Mr Tse Tsan Tai, he proceeded direct to Shanghai where it had been decided that the HQ will be established . The President of Shanghai was Mr Lee Teng Hwee, BA(Yale), Vice Presidents were HK Woo, BA(Chinese degree), TY Kung, BA(Chinese degree),Dr Gnoh Lean Tuck, MA,MD(Cantab) was the President in Penang, Dr Koh Lip Ting, MBCHB(Edin) was the Treasurer( Eastern Daily Mail and Straits Morning Advertiser, 11 September 1905, Page 3). Li Deng-hui was the President until 1915.

1904 Shanghai

He arrived in Shanghai in October 1904, organized the World Chinese Student Federation(WCSF) or Huanqiu Zhongguo Xuesheng Zonghui(寰球中國學生會) on 1st July 1905 and was its first President, aiming to promote social justice in China, unite Chinese students studying overseas, and help members secure employment, medical care and legal advice. Yan Huiqing(顏惠慶, also known as WW Yen,1877-1950)was the first chairman of the board of directors for the World Chinese Students Federation. Similar associations were set up in Penang, Qingdao, Fuzhou, Hawaii and Singapore. Most of the original members of the federation were Christians and patriots. Eastern Daily Mail and Straits Morning Advertiser, 5 September 1905, Page 2 reported his good friend in Singapore , Dr Lim Boon Keng will be asked to start in Federation

1905, he was first Dean of studies, Fudan Public School found by Ma Xiangbo(马相伯). The pioneer staff of Fudan Public School.

He was editor of the Republican Advocate, Shanghai, and editor of the English department of the Chung Hwa Book Company, 1912-13

From 1913 to 1916, he was the principal of Fudan Public School(复旦公学). He was appointed as first President of Fudan Private Univesity (私立复旦大学)in August 1917 when Fudan Public School upgraded to university status. He served as President of Fudan Univesity from 1917 -1936. Fudan was his life, his life had been given all to Fudan.

He passed away in November 1947 in Shanghai.

From 1905 until his death in 1947, he was with Fudan in various role and capacity. We can boldly say, Fudan without Li Deng Hui is not Fudan. Fudan is Li Deng Hui, and Li Deng Hui is Fudan, they are one. All his life was for Fudan. The history of Fudan was his life story.

Names of past President, Fudan University

1913-1936 Li Denghui (李登辉)
1918 Tang Luyuan (唐路园), acting when Li Denghui went to Nanyang for fund raising.
1924-1925 Guo Renyuan (郭任远), acting Li Denghui went for holiday in Nanyang.
1936-1940 Qian Xinzhi (钱新之), replaced Li Denghui.
1940-1943 Wu Nanxuan (吴南轩), President when university was moved to Chongqing during resistance war , Li Deng hui was in charge of the university remained at Shanghai.
1943-1949 Zhang Yi (章益)
1949-1977 Chen Wangdao (陈望道)

History of Fudan Public School(复旦公学)
(i)Aurora College or Zhendan Public School (震旦公學, 震旦学院)1903

Fudan Public School(复旦公学) and Aurora College(震旦学院, later Aurora University or Université l'Aurore, 1903-1952) was actually from the same school. Aurora or L’Aurore is the Hindu name for China. The founder was Father Joseph Ma Xiangbo S.J. (马相伯, 1840-1939) and French Jesuits. The University was founded on 27th February, 1903, initially located at unused excess house(徐家汇天文台旧址) of The St. Ignatius Cathedral of Shanghai or Xujiahui Catholic Church(聖依納爵主教座堂/徐家汇天主堂), No 158, Puxi Road, Shanghai(上海市徐汇区浦西路158号). Aurora College was later moved to Luban Lu, Luwan district(卢家湾吕班路, 今卢湾区鲁班路）in 1908. Later Aurora university was kept by French Jesuits until the coming of Communist Revolution. It was situated from 1908 in the French concession of Shanghai.

Aurora College(震旦学院), Shanghai was the first Chinese community built university and also first Christian university for modern education in history of China.
Ma Xiangbo left in 1904, and later established a new school, Fudan Public School(復旦公學)in 1905.

(ii)Fudan Public School(復旦公學) 1905

Fudan Public School was found on 4-9-1905. 西元 1905 年是復旦大學開校的第一屈，由教育家－－馬相伯和他的弟子：于右任，葉仲裕，邵力子，王侃叔，沈步洲，張軼歐，葉藻庭所創。校名是由于右任從「卿雲歌」的「明光華，旦復旦兮」，中擷取「復旦」兩字，經馬相伯同意，表示不忘「震旦」之舊，更具恢復中華之意。
The two Chinese characters Fu (復) and Dan (旦), literally meaning "(heavenly light shines) day after day", were chosen by the distinguished educator in modern Chinese history, Father Ma Xiangbo S.J. (马相伯), from the Confucian Classics book Shang Shu Da Zhuan - Yu Xia Zhuan(尚书大传-虞夏传): "Itinerant as the twilight, sun glows and moon luminesces" (日月光華，旦復旦兮). Fudan(復旦) also means reinstate of Dan(旦or 震旦).
Fudan Public School opened at Wusong(吴淞), a port town located fourteen miles downriver from Shanghai. Note: The Woosung area was abolished in 1964 and incorporated with Baoshan County(宝山县)into the Baoshan District(宝山区)of Shanghai in 1988). The school was initially located temporary at borrowed premise, a Manchu navy camp office(吴淞镇水师提督行辕) at the port.

1911-1913, he was Editor in Chief of Republican Advocate. At almost the same time, he was appointed supervisor(Dean of studies) of Fudan Public School(复旦公学) by its founder, Ma Xiangbo(马相伯), a Christian, whose intention was to select high school students by examination and train them in higher level subjects in the English language thereby enabling them to gain admission to European universities for specialized subjects.

1913-1914, he worked for a large publisher Zhonghua Shuju , and become the head of its English department. In 1913 he was also appointed as Principal of Fudan Public School

1911 - During the Xinhai Revolution the college campus at Wusong(吴淞) was taken up as the headquarters of the Revolutionist or Guangfu Army(光复军司令部) and closed down for almost one year. The campus now is located School of Management, Fudan University(复旦大学管理学院), found in 1985( http://www.fdsm.fudan.edu.cn/aboutus). The school moved to Wuxi for nearly a month.

The principal,Father Ma Xiangbo(校长马相伯)and Dean of Studies(教务长)Hu Dunfu（胡敦复, 1886—1978）with the support of gentry at Wuxi, borrowed the Lee Hang Zhang ancestral Temple(李汉章大公祠)as school and Zhao Zhong Temple(昭忠祠) as school hostel. At the same time the school also prepared for reopening of the original school.

In 1913, when Ma Xiangbo(马相伯) had to leave China, Li assumed the position of Principal, teaching several subjects such as English, Logic and Philosophy.
In 1917, when Fudan Public School became a private Fudan University(私立復旦大學) with a modern curriculum in the humanities, natural sciences and business as well as modern European languages, he became its first President. Unique in being a private institution, it was staffed mainly with teachers who had been trained in the West.
(Note: Fudan was changed to public university in 1941 as National Fudan University (國立復旦大學) at Beibei, Chongqing (重庆北碚)where it moved in 1937 during the Chinese Resistance War(抗日战争).

From 1905-1911, Fudan produced 4 batches of high school graduates , with 57 students (1905～1911年，复旦公学培养出四届高等正科 ，毕业生共57人)

1912 - After Xinhai Revolution and formation of ROC

1912 – On 5th May 1912, the Education Ministry of Provisional Government of Nanjing, informed all provinces in China that the revolutionary war was over, instructed that all high schools, colleges and universities can now open. Fudan was trouble with the problem of premise, finance. One of the former student, Yu Youren(于右任) who has become Deputy Minister of Transport & Communication of provisional government, reported to the Provisional President Dr Sun Yat- sen, who immediately allocated relief fund for 10,000 yuan. The school was provided with Li Hong–zhang ancestral hall (李鸿章祠堂) for the school premise, thus solved the problem. Temporary the school borrowed premise in Elgin Road(爱而近路), now Anqing Road(安庆路) , moving to Li Hong-zhang ancestral hall only in September.

Later, Father Ma Xiangbo(校长马相伯) was appointed important post in Beijing, and unable to manage the school affairs. The school was without principal, it was managed by Provost Hu Dunfu(胡敦复), and Dean of General affairs Ye Zao-ting (庶务长叶藻庭). Unfortunately in December, student protests happened. The school formed the school governor committee to govern the school affairs; the committee members included Dr Sun Yat-sen, Wang Chong-hui(王宠惠)、Chen Yingshi(陈英士)、Cheng Dequan(程德全)、Tang Shaoyi(唐绍仪)、Yu Youren(于右任) and others. Wong Chong-hui(王宠惠) was selected as Chairman of the Board of Governors(董事长). The first board meeting also decided that the School constitution need to be review,fund raising project approved,and Li Deng-hui appointed as new principal(李登辉任校长).

(Yet he had the time to wrote an article in The Strait Time, Singapore(THE NATIONAL RECLAMATION ASSOCIATION. Lee Teng-Hwee, B.A. By What promise, perhaps, to be one of the most important and useful institutions m connection with the new Republican' Government, is the National Reclamation Association which held its first meeting on the 18th March at Nanking. That it will become a... Weekly Sun, 28 September 1912, Page 4)

1913 - On 1/3/1913, Fudan reopened. The first parliamentary election was in February 1913 , which then convened the National Assembly of the Republic of China for the first time on April 8. The Kuomintang won majority of the seats, and Song Jiaoren(宋教仁) was designated to form the cabinet. He was assassinated by President Yuan Shikai shortly after .

On 3rd May, the community in Shanghai paid their last respect to Song Jiaoren(宋教仁, 1882-1913), the funeral arrangement was by students of Fudan, The President of Fudan Mr Li Denghui, and teachers Shao Lizi/Shao Li-tzu(邵力子,1882-1967)、Chiang Mei Sheng(蒋梅笙, 1871-1942, who is father in law of Xu Beihong) give a farewell speech at the funeral ceremony.

On 15th July, Hwang Xing declared Jiangsu independence in the 2nd Revolution(二月革命)started by Dr Sun Yat-sun to declare war on Yuan Shi-kai, Jiangsu provincial military governor Cheng Dequan (江苏都督程德)was appointed as commander of South Army, but he disobeyed and escaped to Shanghai. (Cheng was in the board of Fudan). The 2nd revolution failed, many members of board of governors of Fudan, who were involved escaped oversea, this badly affected the finance of the school. Principal Li Deng Hui begin to cut expenses , with the coorperation of the students, Fudan was able to overcome the financial problem.

1915 – The principal Li Denghui planned to acquire land in Jiangwan(江湾), so to have a permanent campus for Fudan. The dream of Li Deng Hui was to have a university on par with his alma mater, Yale University, the Yale of the east. The university campus was part of the plan.

During 1912-1916, a total of 150 completed their high school, and 15 students graduated from School of Pre -university. Two of the famous one were 张志让、孙越崎.



1917 – 1937 Fudan University as Private University

In 1917, Fudan Public School began to offer undergraduate programs and officially renamed itself "Fudan Private University"(私立复旦大学). Li Deng-hui was the first president of Fudan University from 1917 to 1937. After being expanded to a full-fledged university, the University had an increasing enrollment. It had three schools: Arts, Sciences and Business, a prep school, and a section of secondary education.

1918- Li Denghui went to Nanyang(South east Asia) to raise fund for purchasing building land to develop university campus at Jiangwan(江灣).

1919 - When May Fourth Movement started, Fudan's teacher Shao Lizi(邵力子), who was also the chief editor of Republic Daily(民国时报), informed the President Li Deng Hui and other Fudan students, they formed United Shanghai Students Association(上海市学生联合会), they support class boycott ,industrial strike, and they were in the frontline of the movement in Shanghai. Dr Sun Yat-sen give moral support to the students.

As President of Fudan University, he lent active support to the May 4 Movement that had started in Beijing and spread to Shanghai in May 1919, providing refuge for students who had been dismissed from Beijing University for their involvement.

Despite the efforts of Li to defend the actions of the students as patriotic, the authorities took a hard line, arresting and punishing them. This resulted in a general strike by students in Shanghai, supported by public works personnel. In the ensuing confrontation, the Republic of China Student Union convened a meeting to elect representatives, attended by Li. When things had quietened down, Li chaired a public talk attended by more than 100 Chinese students who had studied in Europe and America, and encouraged them to work hard and diligently in order to reform the new China.

(extract from ACS Old Boy headed Fudan University in Shanghai, http://www.methodistmessage.com/dec2005/elaupg.html, with thanks)

1920- The construction of campus at Jiangwan(江灣)started in 1920 winter, and it was completed in 1922.

(i) Teaching Building- The Hall of 简公堂（now Fudan Museum, 复旦博物馆), 这幢楼在一九二二年春天落成时，取名简公堂，因为李登辉校长当年在董事长唐少川（绍仪）先生的协助下，向南洋烟草公司简照南、简玉阶兄弟募得银洋五万元，用以建造了这
1921年，由南洋兄弟烟草公司总司理简照南及其弟简玉阶捐资建造。同年落成，命名简公堂，作教学楼，为当时校中最为宏丽的建筑。抗战中被日军炮火夷为平地。战后在原址重建，已非原貌，仍以简氏名名之。复旦园内最古老的建筑，首推简公堂（今200号）.
(ii) Office block, 奕柱堂, （1929 added two wings, and converted into Library, now Faculty of Economic）年增添两翼，改作图书馆，今经济学院）
(iii) No 1 Student hostel(destroyed during the WW2), now location of The Hall of XiangHui (相辉堂), original name was actually Hall of Tenghui (登辉堂)when built in 1947, but it was changed to Xianghui in 1985 during the Fudan 80th anniversary. 原名登辉堂，建于一九四七年初夏。校庆八十周年（1985年），学校领导为了永远纪念马相伯和李登辉两位先生又改称相辉堂，并请周谷城先生题字。相辉堂现在作为舞台使用，各种表演、演讲、报告等都有可能在相辉堂进行.
(iv) teacher hostel( destroyed)



In 1928-1930, Li Deng-hui served as an executive member of the Chinese National Anti-Opium Committee

In 1929, Fudan University altered its educational system and opened four new departments: journalism, civil administration, law, and education. It consisted of seventeen departments, which comprised the four schools: Arts, Sciences, Law, and Business.

1931- The Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident (九•一八事变), was a staged event that was engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China known as Manchuria in 1931. On the night of 18 September Lieutenant Kawamoto Suemori (河本末守中尉)and seven or eight subordinates of his in the Railway Garrison managed to detonate explosives placed on the railway-line at Liutiaokou near Mukden (now Shenyang). The railway line was owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway. Although the explosion was so weak that it failed to destroy the lines and a train passed minutes later, the Imperial Japanese Army, accusing Chinese dissidents of the act, responded with a full invasion that led to the occupation of Manchuria, in which Japan established its puppet state of Manchukuo six months later. The incident led to diplomatic isolation of Japan and its withdrawal from the League of Nations.

The principal Lee Deng-hui organized a Student Rally (声讨大会)at Fudan to denounce and condemn the attack , and established a Military Training Committee to train students on basic military skills. The students appealed to KMT government 3 times to sent resistance force against Japanese army. On 20-11-1931, about 100 students of Fudan formed a Army Volunteers (义勇军), to join the KMT resistance force, 19th Route Army (十九路军). 19th Routh Army was KMT army led by General Cai Tingkai (蔡廷锴) in Shanghai. They were given the task of logistics support, propaganda and education during the war. Fudan moved to Xujiahui High School(徐家汇附中) now Fudan High School to continue teaching.

1932- The January 28 Incident (January 28 – March 3, 1932) was a short war between the armies of the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, before official hostilities of the Second Sino-Japanese War commenced in 1937.

1935 - The December 9th Movement ( 一二九运动) refers to a mass protest led by students in Beiping (present-day Beijing) on December 9, 1935 that demands the Kuomintang government to actively resist potential Japanese aggression. The protest movement was supported by students all over the country. Response was very positive as similar petitions and assemblies were organized in many large cities. The students of Fudan responded by sending petition to the Shanghai City government, and also met at the railway station to prepare for petition to Nanjing, the capital. General Chiang Kai-sheh phoned the President Li Deng Hui, ordered him to stop the students from going to Nanjing. The students rejected the appeal by their beloved President. The KMT authority blocked the students to enter the train and railway track was destroyed. The students rebuilt the track but was stopped at Wuxi (无锡). In the end , the Beijing–Shanghai Railway or Jinghu railway (京沪铁路) route was interrupted for 4 days, this raised the attention of the international community.

1936 – In the morning of 25-3-1936, Shanghai military police surrounded the campus of Fudan Univeristy, and captured 7 student committee members from the Student Save the Nation Associaiton(学生救国会) who were staying off campus . The same afternoon, military police entered the campus , attacking students and teachers, this action arouse the anger of the students for defense, the polices were chased out from campus. The police then fired outside the campus, killed one police by mistake, but accused the students killed the police. The police entered the campus again, but no students were captured. The President Li Deng Hui officially issued a strong protest against the violence of KMT party. They immediately conducted an extraordinary board meeting, demanded an official explanation from the mayor of Shanghai , Wu Tiecheng(吴铁城, 1888-1953) , who was also garrison commander for Songhu(淞沪警备司令). Wu admitted that it was their mistake and the news wrongly reported student shot the policeman, and guaranteed that no similar incident will happen again. The local community also voiced their opposition to the students arrest. KMT finally released all the students.

Later of the year, President Li Deng-hui was asked to resign by the KMT party. Dr Wu Nan-xuan or Nan-hsuan M. Woo (吴南轩, 1983-1980) was appointed to replace him as President of the Fudan University. He was the alumni of the Fudan’s pre-university school, graduated in 1919, and former President of Tsing Hua University(1931.4 - 1931.6). The students suffered under political pressure from KMT , and all student political activities were stopped.

Mr Li Denghui after resigned from Fudan, visited Sichuan in Oct 1936, he was warmly welcome by the alumni and students of Fudan. This console the wounded soul of the old President of Fudan.

The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (盧溝橋事變/七七事變)on 7-7-1937 started the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). It led directly into full scale war with the Battle of Beiping-Tianjin at the end of July and the Battle of Shanghai in August.



1937 - The Battle of Shanghai, known in Chinese as Battle of Songhu(淞滬會戰) from August 13, 1937 to November 26, 1937, was the first of the twenty-two major engagements fought between the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China and the Imperial Japanese Army of the Empire of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It was one of the largest and bloodiest battles of the entire war. Song (淞) comes from Wusong (吳凇) Hu (滬) is the abbreviation for the city itself. The battle is also referred to as 813(八.一三”淞沪抗战), denoting August 13, the date when battle began. 1937 Battle of Shanghai was a full-scale battle signifying the beginning of an all-out war between the two countries. The first gunshot was fired at Xhabei(闸北), Shanghai, the location close to Fudan city campus.

After the Battle of Shanghai, the battle adversely affected the student attendance. The education department of Nanjing government, instructed the Fudan University , together with other universities of Shanghai, Daxia University, Datong University, Guanghua University, prepared to relocate as temporary United Associated University(临时联合大学). Datong University and Guanghua University, as private university were facing financial constraints and cannot follow. Note: Daxia and Guanghua restricted to become East China Normal University (ECNU)(华东师范大学), Datong University was fragmented to various other universities, and no longer existed). Fudan and Daxia joined to form the temporary united associated university and moved separately to Jiangxi(江西) and Guizhou(贵州).

China started the resistance war against Japan (抗日战争), Fudan university moved to Beibei, Chongqing. On 12th November, Shanghai was occupied by Japanese Imperial Army. The united associated university in Jiangxi decided to move to Guiyang and merged with united associated university in Guizhou. Students continued their long journey and arrived Chongqing in December. The community in Chongqing welcome the Fudan to stay there in Sichuan.

By 1937 Fudan had established four schools (Arts, Sciences, Law, and Business), which were made up of sixteen departments, a secondary school, an experimental secondary school, and two elementary schools for compulsory education. It became one of the most important institutions of academic research and higher education in southeast China.

1938- The Fudan University in Chongqing commenced classes in Febuary with high spirit. There were about 60 graduates from Fudan Chongqing campus for the year.

Students remained in Shanghai also commenced classes(留沪复旦复课)。During the summer, there were 55 graduates for the year

1941 – 1947 Fudan National University(Chongqing)

1941 - The First Session of the 5th Congress of the Executive Yuan (Council) of the Repulic of China voted on 25th, November, 1941 to nationalize the Chongqing Community of Private Fudan University. Wu Nan-xuan (吴南轩)was appointed president of the University.

The Pacific War started on 8th December, Imperial Japanese Army entered Shanghai and based their camps at International Settlement or concession settlement(上海租界). President Li Deng Hui declared that the university practiced “ Three NOs Principle”( 三不主义), which means “ No registration with the Japanese registry, No acceptance of Japanese aids, No interference of university affairs by Japanese”. Even within the hostile environment of Japanese occupation, the university insisted no teaching of Japanese language.

1946- In August , Chongqing Fudan returned to Shanghai(复旦大学渝校的师生回到上海). The university moved to the original campus of Jiangwan in Shanghai

1947 – On 5th July ，Li Deng Hui declared the topic on Spirit of Fudan(复旦精神”) in the graduation ceremony. He said “…服务、牺牲、团结，是复旦的精神，也是你们的责任！”( Service, Sacrifice, and Solidarity is the spirit of the Fudan, it is your responsibility to practice it)

1949 - The university now consists of Art, Science, Law, Commerce, Agriculture Falculty, (学校设立文、理、法、商、农五院20 多个系（科），初具综合性大学的雏形).

In 1937-1945, Fudan University moved to Beibei, Chongqing (重庆北碚). He did not moved to Chongqing, but stay in Shanghai to continue Fudan University in Shanghai . It is perhaps he was then 64 years old and there must be someone remain in Shanghai to take care of the students who cannot moved to Chongqing, he take the decision to remain in the more uncertain and hostile environment.

March 1947, Fudan Alumni Association( http://www.fudan.org.cn/) was having anniversary dinner/meeting at a restaurant in 5 storey Tashing Company Building, Nanjing Road(南京路大新公司五层楼酒家), Former President Li Deng-hui even both eyes were blinded, attended the dinner with walking stick. After the speech by current President Zhang Yi (章益), the old president suggested that all famous universities in USA, like Havard, Yale, have their own campus flower, Fudan should have their own campus flower. He suggested University flower of Fudan, to be Magnolia denudata(白玉兰). Magnolia denudata, known as the Yulan magnolia (玉蘭花), is native to central and eastern China. It has been cultivated in Chinese Buddhist temple gardens since 600 AD. Its flowers were regarded as a symbol of purity in the Tang Dynasty and it was planted in the grounds of the Emperor's palace. It is the official city flower of Shanghai, and now also the official flower of Fudan University.
May 1947, The Hall of Deng Hui (登辉堂)was completed. Now it is known as Xiang Hui Hall.

On 19/11/1947, the beloved President of Fudan, Dr Li Deng Hui passed away in Shanghai.

Li Deng Hui's Principle

His principle in life is to follow the “Bible”, the main theme of Bible is LOVE, and the most important verse is in the book of 1 Timothy Chapter 1: 5 “The goal of this command is love, which comes from a pure heart and a good conscience and a sincere faith.(但命令的总归就是爱，这爱是从清洁的心和无亏的良心、无伪的信心生出来的)”. Li Deng Hui use Titus Chapter 2: 1-13 “ Doing good for the sake of gospel(为人之道)”as motto in life. This is the verses that he used to remind him all his life. The verses are as follow:

Doing Good for the Sake of the Gospel

1 You, however, must teach what is appropriate to sound doctrine. 2 Teach the older men to be temperate, worthy of respect, self-controlled, and sound in faith, in love and in endurance.
3 Likewise, teach the older women to be reverent in the way they live, not to be slanderers or addicted to much wine, but to teach what is good. 4 Then they can urge the younger women to love their husbands and children, 5 to be self-controlled and pure, to be busy at home, to be kind, and to be subject to their husbands, so that no one will malign the word of God.

6 Similarly, encourage the young men to be self-controlled. 7 In everything set them an example by doing what is good. In your teaching show integrity, seriousness 8 and soundness of speech that cannot be condemned, so that those who oppose you may be ashamed because they have nothing bad to say about us.

9 Teach slaves to be subject to their masters in everything, to try to please them, not to talk back to them, 10 and not to steal from them, but to show that they can be fully trusted, so that in every way they will make the teaching about God our Savior attractive.

11 For the grace of God has appeared that offers salvation to all people. 12 It teaches us to say “No” to ungodliness and worldly passions, and to live self-controlled, upright and godly lives in this present age, 13 while we wait for the blessed hope—the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ, 14 who gave himself for us to redeem us from all wickedness and to purify for himself a people that are his very own, eager to do what is good.

Awards and Honours

honorary member, Chung Hwa Guild of Batavia (1906) ; fellow of the American Geographical Society (1915) ;honorary president of the Huai River Conservancy (1922) ; honorary Litt.D., St. John's University, Shanghai (1919) ; he took an active part in the Student Movement in 1918 ; chairman of the League of Public Organizations to protest against the treaty affecting Chinese rights and oppose China's signature to the Peace Conference at Versailles ; during the Washington Conference he was chairman of the People's National Diplomatic Federation representing 180 organizations all over China; he has held the following honorary positions: chairman, Overseas Chinese Association ; vice-chairman, World Chinese Students Federation ; director, Pan-Pacific Union; director, Christian Educational Association of China ; director, Amoy University ; chairman, National Anti-Opium Association ; member, National Government Opium-Suppression Commission ; member, Diplomatic Commission of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(source: Who's who in China)

Legacies

(i) There was a road within Fudan University, Handan Road Campus(复旦大学邯郸路校区), named after Li Deng Hui(李登辉)，Deng Hui Ring Road(登辉环路).
(ii)The Hall of XiangHui (相辉堂),original name was actually Hall of Tenghui (登辉堂)when built in 1947, but it was changed to Xianghui in 1985 during the Fudan 80th anniversary.Named after both Ma Xiong Bo(马相伯) and Li Deng Hui(李登辉), the former principals of Fudan Public School(now Fudan University).
(iii) In Chongqing , the old premise of Fudan University, there is a small tower, named after Lee Deng Hui, the hall of Deng Hui(登辉堂).

References:

1.History of Fudan, http://www.fudan.edu.cn/englishnew/about/history.html
2.Fudan Alumni Association, http://www.fudan.edu.cn/englishnew/alumni/association.html
3. http://www.blueskiescom.com/alumni/feb_mar_06/headliner_li_denghui.htm
4. 復旦大學校長李登輝 64歲抗日被打, http://www.stnn.cc:82/gate/big5/history.stnn.cc/people/200911/t20091123_1190065.html
5. 校长之楷模 青年之导师——纪念李登辉校长诞辰133周年, http://news.fudan.edu.cn/2005/0420/6781.html
6. 一代代母校情传后人--儿子李贤政谈李登辉校长, http://www.35edu.com/School/Principal/20110108/45924.html
7. Ma Xiangbo 馬相伯 (1849-1939), http://ricci.rt.usfca.edu/biography/view.aspx?biographyID=1407
8. SEJARAH SINGKAT TIONG HOA HWE KOAN BATAVIA DAN SEKOLAH TIONG HOA HWE KOAN (PA HOA), http://www.pahoa.or.id/history.php
9. 李登辉_(教育家),  http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Penang Hua Mu Lan – Lee Yue Mei(李月美 )

Penang Hua Mu Lan – Lee Yue Mei

Hua Mu Lan or Hua mulan(花木蘭); to some people it may be the title of popular 1998 Disney animated film, Mulan. Mulan was a 1998 American animated film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, and released by Walt Disney Pictures on June 19, 1998. It was based on the legend from ancient China and was originally described in a Chinese poem known as the Ballad of Mulan (木蘭辭). In the legend Hua Mu Lan, a female warrior, who replaced her father for the call of national service, fought for 12 years and merited 12 ranks of rewards, which she refused and retired back home instead.

The Ballad of Mulan was first transcribed in the Musical Records of Old and New (古今樂錄) in the 6th century, the century before the founding of the Tang Dynasty. The original work no longer exists, and the original text of this poem comes from another work known as the Music Bureau Collection (樂府詩), an anthology of lyrics, songs, and poems, compiled by Guo Maoqian (郭茂倩) during the 11th or 12th century. The author explicitly mentions the Musical Records of Old and New as his source for the poem. The poem is a ballad, meaning that the lines do not necessarily have equal numbers of syllables. The poem is mostly composed of five-character phrases, with just a few extending to seven or nine. The story was expanded into a novel during the late Ming Dynasty (1368–1644). Over time, the story of Hua Mulan rose in popularity as a folk tale among the Chinese people on the same level as the Butterfly Lovers. It is one of the first poems in Chinese history to support the notion of gender equality.(Wikipedia)

That was the ancient legend, but in reality there were modern Hua Mulan. During the World War II, there was a female who was named as modern Hua Mulan by Chinese people. He was from Penang, her name is Lee Yue Mei(李月美), a 21 years old Cantonese woman from Penang, who volunteered to serve in Yunnan, China as Nanyang Transport Volunteer(( 南侨机工), Li Yue Mei was one of four women who joined the ranks of the Nanyang Transport Volunteers in late Febuary, 1939.

Not many Penang lang(Penang people) know her, many who know her had either passed away or had forgotten. It was not mention in our history, but it will be forever remember by people who had suffered from the painful experience of Japanese Imperial Army invasion of China and Malaya during WW2.
During the Sino Japanese war, the Japanese attempted to terminate Chinese import of war materials by imposing a sea blockade. The Chinese government responded by building the Burma Road( 滇缅公路), but lacked drivers and mechanics so they turned to China Relief Fund, 筹振会, for help to recruit volunteers from Nanyang (Today’s South East Asia).

On 7 February 1939, the first notice for volunteer drivers and mechanics was issued and batches of volunteers came forth. These volunteer drivers and mechanics were known as the Nanyang Volunteers( 南侨机工). Li Yue Mei (李月美 )was one of the Penang volunteer, he joined the volunteers by using a man’s name李丹英. There were initially four female volunteers 白雪娇、陈娇珍 and 朱雪珍 from Malaya, another female volunteer Wu Siew Fern(吴秀芬) was from Siam (Thailand). Bei Siah Kiew(白雪娇) and Tan Kiew Chin(陈娇珍) were from Penang, Strait Settlement. Li Yue Mei disguised as a male volunteer, and was later discovered during an accident as a female, so together there were 5 female volunteers , three were from Penang, namely Li Yue Mei (李月美), Bei Siah Kiew(白雪娇) and Tan Kiew Chin(陈娇珍). She was the only woman who had drive in Burma Road, as she was disquested as male driver, other female volunteer were sent to work as nurse or non-driving task.

Nanyang Transport Volunteers(南侨机工)

19-2-1939 was Chinese New Year, and it fall on Sunday. The initial 80 departed for China on 18-2-1939, the New Year Eve, when most of the Chinese families will stay home for reunion dinner. Yet the pioneer 80 left their home and family a day before Chinese New Year. All Chinese language newspapers reported as headline, but the main English newspaper, The Strait Time was not reported on 19-2-1030(sun), and 20-2-1939(mon).Their main news on that day was “Search for Submarine”. Only on 6-3-1939, that a substantial media coverage was given.

March 1939- 400 VOLUNTEER FOR CHINESE ARMY Transport And Mechanical Units Recruits - AS a result of an appeal made by the Chinese Government to oversea Chinese to send voluntary cadets to serve in the Chinese Army in transportation corps and mechanised units, more than 400 young Chinese mechanics and drivers have offered their services. That numbers included more than 100 each from Singapore and Perak, 50 from Negeri Sembilan, 35 from Taiping, 25 from Muar, 24 from Kedah, and 10 each from Malacca and Raub. Already 80 of them have left for China. A Contingent which arrived from Taiping today included an Indian and a Malay. A party of 36 Hainanese mechanics and drivers has been organized, and leaves shortly for Chungking( The Straits Times, 6 March 1939, Page 12)

July, 1939- MALAYAN CHINESE OFF TO WAR Malayan Chinese volunteers waving good-bye as they sailed for the China war front last week Eighth "Troopship Leaves Singapore bringing the total of Malayan Chinese volunteers for the China war front to more than 2,000, the eighth "troopship" left Singapore last week with a party of 350 motor mechanics and drivers. Known as 3rd Malayan Mechanical Unit the party included men from all over Malaya and Java.

With the unit, a party of nine 15 years old Singapore school boys left to join the military school in Kiangsi. Several rich men’s sons were in this group.
The leader of the unit gave up his position as foreman mechanic in a leading European motor firm with salary of $250 a month.

The 93 Penang Chinese in the Party before leaving received their colors at the Wembly Park from the Chinese Consul, Mr Huang Yuan Kai, and with 75 youths from Taiping joined the unit at Singapore.

The China Relief Fund Committee arranges and pays for the passages of the volunteers , who are all medically examined and given training for several months before sailing. (The Straits Times, 23 July 1939, Page 10)

LEE Yue Mei(李月美)(b 1918- d 28-8-1968)

She was Lee Yue Mei(李月美), in Penang, and Li Yue Mei (李月眉)in China. The list of Nanyang Transport Volunteers in Penang given was reported as follow(in Chinese);

李月美, 马来亚槟城南通街,

Lee Yue Mei was staying at Nan Dong Street, Penang(马来亚槟城南通街). I cannot find the name of the brother in the list Lee Kim Yoon(李锦容), but there was another person, living in the same street, but using the name of Tan , can it be him? I think her brother also disguised himself to avoid knowing by his parent. I cannot located Nan Dong Street in today’s Penang streets, where is the place? Or is it another fictitious address?

Li Yue Mei left for China in March 1939. She went for short military training at Kunming, and later posted as driver to HQ of the Red Cross Society at Guizhou(贵州). Her brother Lee Kim Yoon(李锦容) joined the 8th batch Trooper in July 1939, and attached to 西南运输处第十五大队, working as driver along Burma Road(滇缅公路), they frequently met each other. And it seems that her gender was not disclosed when she drove alongside other male drivers, she worked for one year as driver, carrying both medical supplies and military supplies.

Ironically, in Singapore, it was reported that :

HUA MU LAN" THE Penang-born star, Miss Chun Yun Chang, gives a first-class performance in "Hua Mu Lan,'* a story of old China, filmed in Mandarin, which was shown at the Capitol Theatre at a midnight show last night. For Europeans the film has consider appeal, as it has full English (The Straits Times, 30 July 1939, Page 2)

The Burma Road was a very difficult road to navigate and many Nanyang Volunteers were killed in accidents, by malaria or during Japanese air raids. In 1940, Li Yue Mei was involved in an accident but was saved by a fellow driver, Hainanese Yang Wei Quan(杨维铨). Yang Wei Quan(杨维铨),was the one who took care of “him” as brother when she was hospitalized, but later discovered that she was a woman in disguise. The news, which at the time, created a great impact to the Chinese community, and stir up intense media coverage in China and South East Asia. She was hailed as the modern Hua Mu Lan(当代花木兰), the ancient Chinese woman who disguised as a man to serve in the army in place of her aging father. The Overseas Chinese societies in Singapore and Malaya were full of praise for her passion to volunteer for her service in the war of resistance to Japanese Imperial Army aggression.(Note: As Malaysian, we must remember this was the era when Malaya is under British colonial rule, an independent nation of Malaysia was not formed yet)

The famous Chinese revolutionary and feminist Ho Hsiang-ning or He Xiang Ning(何香凝)(b 27/6/1878 – d 1-9-1972) honour her with a banner with the Chinese calligraphy writing “巾帼英雄”, which means female heroine. Ho Hsiang Ning was the wife of Liao Zhongkai(廖仲恺) (b 23-4-1877 –d 20-8-1925). He was principal architect of the first Kuomintang-Chinese Communist Party (KMT-CCP) United Front in the 1920s. He was the Finance Minister of the Southern Government under Dr Sun Yatsen. Unfortunately, he was murdered in 1925, during political struggle for leadership of KMT.

Li Yue Mei eventually recovered and was transferred to serve as a nurse. By this time, she had already fallen in love with her savior Yang Wei Quan(杨维铨), who later become her husband.

Note:
Ho Hsiang-ning or He Xiang Ning(何香凝) （1878年6月27日－1972年9月1日)
Chinese revolutionary and feminist. She was one of the first Chinese women publicly to advocate nationalism, revolution, and female emancipation, and one of the first to cut her hair short. An active advocate of links with the communists and Russia, she went to Hong Kong in 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek broke with the communists, and was an outspoken critic of his leadership. She returned to Beijing (Peking) in 1949 as head of the overseas commission. Educated in Hong Kong and Japan, she married fellow revolutionary Liao Zhongkai in 1905. Her husband was assassinated in 1925.

1946 Return from China and settled in Burma

The Sino-Japanese War evolved into World War Two and ended with Japan’s unconditional surrender on 15 August 1945. In 1946, after 6 long years of service in the battlefield, Li Yue Mei finally returned home as a hero to her family in Penang, Malaya.

In late Feb 1946, when Li Yue Mei arrived in Singapore on the way to Penang. She was presented with banners from the Nanyang Chinese Girls School and attracted intense media attention in Singapore.

That same year, the overseas Chinese in Penang built a monument in memory of civilians and Nanyang Volunteers who lost their lives, at the foot of Penang Hill, Air Itam.

Li Yue Mei later married Yang Wei Quan, the Nanyang volunteer who saved her life, and the couple relocated to Yangon, Burma. There, they ran a coffee shop and soon the couple had 10 children.

In 1954, Chinese Premier Zhou En Lai(周恩来), began the first of his many visits to Burma. Li Yue Mei represented the Overseas Chinese in Burma to meet the Premier. Zhou En Lai praised her for her heroic efforts during the war encouraged her to send her children to study in China.

In 1965, Li Yue Mei finally decided to relocate to Guangzhou for the sake of her children and their education. However, her husband disagreed and she left for Guangzhou alone with her children.

1965 From Burma to China

Li Yue Mei was posted to Yangdi Oversea Chinese Farm(英德华侨农场), a farm which was a people commune(人民公社). The moment she arrived in China. He started a commune way of life in the remote place north of Quangzhou, where her children were studied. Unfortunate for her, Cultural Revolution started on 16-5-1966, few months after her arrival in China.

1966-1968 Death in Cultural Revolution文化大革命(1966-1976)

In reality, it was a political movement started by Mao Zedong or Mao Tse-tung毛泽东((December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976) and Lin Yurong or, better known by the nom de guerre Lin Biao(December 5, 1907– September 13, 1971), Jiang Qing(江青), 2nd liners from the Chinese leadership, to remove Liu Shaoqi(刘少奇)( 24 November 1898 – 12 November 1969) and Deng Xiaoping(邓小平), Zhoa En Lai(周恩来)was trying to protect Liu and Deng, but only Deng escaped. The movement also involvedthe removal of 彭真,罗瑞卿,陆定一,杨尚昆, 叶剑英, 朱德, 贺龙, 彭德怀 and their supporters from the power base. They were all old timers in the formation of communist China. The political conflict evolved into a disastrous Cultural Revolution, the darkest period in the history of modern China. Mao officially declared the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, but its active phase lasted until the death of Lin Biao in 1971. The political instability between 1971 and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976 are now also widely regarded as part of the Revolution. The idol worship of Mao during Cultural Revolution was like Hitler of Germany and Japanese Emperor during the WW2., which similarly developed into political and military extremism. It was greatest disaster in the political history.

Lee Yue Mei was at China at the wrong time....

As a returned oversea Chinese(归侨),who was born in family of businessman father, she was treated with suspicious by the Red Guards as capitalist class(资产阶级)with oversea connection(海外关系) , and her past as Nanyang Transport Volunteers was treated as the supporter of KMT or Kuomingtang(pro KMT). She was called “The element of KMT who has escaped eradication”(国民党残渣余孽).

文革’浩劫一开始，农场开始对归侨划成分。以下是一次让她极为伤心的对话：
　　工作组：‘李月美。你知道你在海外是什么成分？’
　　李；‘不懂得。’
　　工作组：‘那么，你小时候时干什么的？是否给地主放牛？’
　　李：‘我小时候在南洋读中国书，没有给地主放牛。’
　　工作组：‘那么，你小时候生活很好？’
　　李：‘是的。我记得小时候生活很好。’
　　工作组：‘那时候是一九四九年以前，生活很好，肯定是资产阶级’
　　‘？’（李月美一楞，不懂如此‘逻辑’，没有回答）
　　‘你长大干什么？’
　　‘我长大响应陈家庚先生号召，回国抗日，参加滇缅公路西南运输处和’红十字会‘工作’
　　‘西南运输处是国民党的。你知道吗？你是国民党的残渣余孽！’
(source: http://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/hn/1/40528.shtml)

She faced the untrue charges imposed by the Red Guards and their opportunist supporters, she was to undergo process of criticize and denounce (批斗), and also confiscation of property(抄家). She lost everything in her house, her children lost the opportunity for education. The remittance from oversea for children education fund was treated as spying fee, at that time her eldest daughter had married and staying Taiwan. Her husband was staying with the eldest daughter. The two eldest children had been accepted to College in Beijing.

Li Yue Mei and her children were sent to the countryside for “labor reform”( 劳动改造 or劳改) . The labor of their work was not fairly rewarded based on their labor contribution or labor marks (劳动力工分), but reward was based on political marks or political background(政治评工分), what she got was 50% of actual entitled rewards, her children only get 25%.

With the termination of oversea remittance from husband, the proceeds from their labour was not enough to sustain their daily living. Li Yue Mei wrote to Zhou En Lai . But Zhou at the time was under political pressure by Mao and Lin Biao, he was making effort to save Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping and many of the first tier founding members of PRC. He was facing a political crisis, and even his own position was in danger. He wrote to Li, requested her to follow the crowd or the current climate. This letter created more problems for Lee. The Red Guards revenge by escalated their treatment.

The photo of her in uniform become the clue to Red Guards that she was the spy for KMT and America. The Red Guards humiliated Li Yue Mei by parading her in the streets. At times, she was even physically assaulted by the Red Guards and the villagers. Physically she no longer able to withstand the cruel act of Red Guards. Mentally she was tormented day and night. She often fainted during the parade or criticize and denounce(批斗) process.

This was too much for a young lady who gave up everything to save her homeland. Li Yue Mei refused to be humiliated and decided to end her life. On the night of 28 August 1968, she waited for her children to fall asleep before she embarked on her act of resistance. Li Yue Mei used a knife to slash both her wrists and then using her bleeding arms, thrust the knife to silt her throat. The children woke up the next morning to discover their mother dead and soaked in a pool of blood.

When the Red Guards discovered Li Yue Mei’s suicide, they demanded that her children disowned their mother for being a counter revolutionary and forbade them to grief for their beloved mother.

Li Yue Mei’s body was wrapped in a nylon mosquito net and buried in an unmarked grave. Her children decided to escape from Guangzhou and left after secretly paying their last respects to their mother.

Note: On July 27, 1968, the Red Guards' power over the army was officially ended. A year later, the Red Guard factions were dismantled entirely. In December 1968, Mao began the "Down to the Countryside Movement". During this movement, which lasted for the next decade, young intellectuals living in cities were ordered to go to the countryside. The term "intellectuals" was actually used in the broadest sense to refer to recently graduated middle school students. In the late 1970s, these "young intellectuals" were finally allowed to return to their home cities. This movement was in part a means of moving Red Guards from the cities to the countryside, where they would cause less social disruption.

Her Children escaped to Hainan Island

The children escaped to Hainan Island, their father’s hometown, where they were cared for. After the fall of the Gang of Four, the children returned to Guangzhou in 1976 to collect their mother’s remains. After much searching, they finally found their mother’s remains still wrapped in the nylon mosquito net that they brought with them from Burma in 1965.

Rememberance of war heroine Li Yue Mei

On 23 October 1979, the Chinese government declared her a war hero and held a memorial in her memory. Meanwhile, all of the Nanyang Volunteers were also accorded the same status and received state pension and healthcare benefits.

1979年10月23日，中共英德华侨茶场委员会，召开了为李月美彻底平反恢复名誉的大会

一九七九年十月二十三日，中共英德华侨茶场委员会，召开了为李月美同志彻底平反恢复名誉的大会，平反通知书如下：
　　
　　 《关于为李月眉同志彻底平反恢复名誉的决定》：一九六六年我场四清运动后期，由于林彪、‘四人帮’反革命修正主义路线的干扰、破坏，在归侨中全面进行评划 阶级成分，李月眉同志被划为资本家，并扣上国民党的残渣余孽的帽子。为了拨乱反正，全面落实党的政策，根据英德县革命委员会（1978）第三世界号《关于 取消原驻英德华侨农场四清工作分团给归侨评划阶级成分的通知》精神，现决定：
　　
　　 一、 公开为李月眉同志彻底平反，恢复名誉。
　　
　　 二、 强加于李月眉同志的所谓‘资本家’、‘国民党的残渣余孽’应予推倒，有关评划归侨阶级成分的材料应予销毁。
　　
　　 三、 通知受株连的家属、子女和有关亲友所在单位，消除影响。原发出的有关材料应予收回销毁。
　　
　　 四、 李月眉同志因以上原因于一九六八年被迫害致死，已于一九七九年十月廾三日召开追悼会。
　　
　　 中共英德华侨农场委员会
　　 一九七九年十月廾四日

http://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/hn/1/40528.shtml

On 7 July 1989, the Yunan government constructed a monument, 赤子功勋, in memory of Nanyang Volunteers.

Hua Mu Lan in ancient Chine, who merited 12 ranks of rewards, which she refused and retired back home instead. Hua Mu Lan lived happily in her retired life. Unlike ancient Hua Mulan, the Hua Mu Lan of modern China, who was from Penang, suffered during the Cultural Revolution, and committed suicide. Her family members were badly treated and endured poverty.

The brave lady from Penang, volunteered to fight Japanese in the war, she had prepared to died for the country she loved. She would have died as a war heroine during her Nanyang Transport Volunteers' days. But she died of humiliation, during Cultural Revolution, died in the political struggle of the nation she loved. Fate was unfair to the modern Hua Mulan from Penang.

A sad story for a heroine; but her patriotic spirit will forever remember by the people. Due to the political history of the country, the heroic act was not recorded in our history textbook. I hope that her heroic act will be remember by Penang, by having a statue of her at Penang Anti War Memorial at Air Itam, and the list of the names of all Nanyang volunteers from Penang at the memorial site. Regardless of country she served and her racial background, she is a heroine that Penang will cherish as daughter of Penang. It is her spirit of patriotic and heroic act that the younger generation can learn from.

But she is still the proudest daughter, Penang has ever produced; even it happen during colonial period.

Personally, I am touch with her life story; and proud she is from Penang....

New Mayor of Colchester is from Penang

The New Mayor, a Penang SGGS student

Congratulation to Helen Chuah, for being appointed as the Mayor of Colchester, UK

Still remember writing about her being appointed as Deputy Mayor of Colchester in my blog article dated 24th August 2010, with title “ Helen Chuah – Deputy Mayor of Colchester 2010-2011. After writing the blog, I sent an e-mail to her to congratulate her for her appointment and told her that I am proud of her, as Penang lang. She replied to my e-mail and the letter was posted in my blog, to inform Penang people, that we have a proud girl from Penang who had done well in oversea. The e-mail was posted in my blog dated 23-12-2010, titled “ A letter from Deputy Mayor of Colchester, UK( ex student from SGGS) “. The Penang girl from the famous school, SGGS(St George's Girls School ), the missionary school that just celebrated the 125th Anniversary on 10 October 2010.

St. George's Girls School, is a secondary school for girls located at Jalan Macalister, George Town, Penang, Malaysia. Established in 1884, the school currently caters to approximately 1300 students from Form 1 to Form 6. The abbreviated name for the school is SGGS with the pupils known as Georgians. SGGS is one of the best school in Penang. Mayor Helen Chuch completed her secondary education and left the school in 1967.

St. George's was started by the Colonial Chaplain's wife. The official opening took place on 7th January 1885 at "The Manse", which stood by the northern beach at Farquhar Street. With Miss R.A. Shackleford as its first principal, the institution offered an English education to the sheltered daughters of Penang society, and today is the alma mater of many eminent and illustrious ladies who have made their marks both in Malaysia and the world. Her alumni included Her Royal Highness the Raja Permaisuri of Perak, Tuanku Bainun, Lim Beng Hong @ Mrs B.H. Oon(the first Chinese woman to be called to the English bar in 1926), Khoo Salma Nasution(President of Penang Heritage Trust or PHT) and many others. Now it included Mayor Helen Chuah as one of the proud Georgians.

To her classmates, to her family members and many Penang people who known her, Mayor Helen Chuch is Chuah Gaik Choon, a typical Chinese girl from Penang.

COUNCILLOR Helen Chuah, who is currently the Deputy Mayor , will be sworn in as Colchester's Mayor 2011-2012 on 18-5-2011. At a formal ceremony at the Moot Hall next Wednesday, Ms Chuah will take the badge and robes of the office from outgoing Mayor Sonia Lewis. Her escort will be partner Councillor Mike Hogg, a former Mayor himself, while Councillor Christopher Arnold is to be elected Deputy Mayor.

Her partner Michael Hogg, was the Mayor in 2001, is the first citizen of Colchester Borough Council and acts as Chair of the Council. Helen Chuah will be the 1636th Mayor, and the first Mayor of Colchester born outside the country.

Helen Chuah told the local reporter from NST, "It is a pity that my father who served in the Merchant Navy and also in the police force, is no longer with us. He was the one who encouraged me to read and pursue my education. He loved history and ceremonies. He would have loved the Mayor Making ceremony. He would have been so proud,". I am sure Mr Chuah will be proud of her daughter's achievement.

As she walk into the hall for her sworn in ceremony, may be she can still remember the school song or perhaps hear the melody of her school song singing by the students of St. George's Girls School.....with the blessing from people of her home state, Penang....

SGGS School Anthem

Seniors and juniors all gathered here,
Together we march on without a fear,
Goodwill and happiness we want to spread,
Every day's a challenge let's go right ahead.

Onwards we move towards the light,
Resolved are we to face the fight,
Giving our best from day to day,
If there's a will, there's always a way.

Around the bends of life we'll have to turn,
Near and far fond thoughts will always burn.

St. George's, St. George's,
We'll ever proclaim,
Honour and uphold you
Forever praise your name,
St. George's, St. George's,
We'll always be true,
Our dear St. George's Girls' School.

Her school will be proud of her; her family will be proud of her, and all Penang people will be proud of her....

Recommended readings:
1.St George's Girls School Penang 125th Anniversary, http://sggs125.blogspot.com/p/sggs-alumni.html
2. My earlier blog, Helen Chuah – Deputy Mayor of Colchester 2010-2011, dated 24th August 2010
3. A letter from Deputy Mayor of Colchester, UK( ex student from SGGS), dated 23-12-2010
4.Helen Chuah - Mayor of Colchester http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/HelenChuah-MayorofColchester/Article/#ixzz1MhywTeUz
5. Siblings proud of new mayor of Colchester, http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2011/5/17/nation/8693619&sec=nation

The Japanese Occupation Forced Labour from Penang

During the WW2, many Strait Settlement residents were sent to Siam for the railway construction by the Imperial Japanese Army. Some of them were not military men, but civilian. There were the POW or Prisoner of War, and the civilian forced labour. Many died at the construction site and never returned. Some returned after the war, but were sicked and ill nourished, many died after their return.

Two of my uncle were the civilian forced labour for the construction of railway in Thailand. They died shortly after their return to Penang. They were returned, but a different person; weak, sick and undernourished. There were no money for their medical treatment. The time was tough in the post war period, and they passed away without a chance.....

Abducted civilian forced labor(強制連行・強制労働犠牲者/被害者)

Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29)
Forced or compulsory labour shall mean all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily.

There were many Romusha (労務者, Rōmusha, "laborer")from Asian countries in World War II, who were forced by the Imperial Japanese Army as forced laborers during the Japanese occupation(日本軍の強制労働) . They are ordinary people who were unwillingly forced to leave their home in the army trucks, and sent work at the railway track in the Siam/Burma border. They were not just romusha, but the victim of forced labor(強制労働犠牲者). In Japanese, forced labor is called Kyōsei rō dō(強制労働,きょうせいろうどう), unlike POW(Prisoner of war) or hori-yo( 捕虜,ほりょ)who are war prisoners protected under international law, the forced laborer were merely ordinary civilian who are not prison labor( 囚人労働,[しゅうじんろうどう). They were abducted into Forced Labor Concentration Camp(強制労働収容所)against their wishes, a forced movement of forced labor, is Kyosei ren ko to Kyōsei rō dō(強制連行と強制労働) in Japanese. (note: 強制連行,きょうせいれんこう, kyosei ren ko means abduction against the victim's will)

POW Forced Labor of Japan Imperial Army(日本軍の捕虜の強制労働)
The Imperial Japan Army however did not comply with international Convention, and instead treated the POW as forced labor. It is forced labour of Japanese POW(日本軍の捕虜の強制労働)or POW forced labor, which was a breach of International Convention on POW.
The Japanese military's use of forced labor, by Asian civilians and POWs also caused many deaths. According to a joint study by historians including Zhifen Ju, Mitsuyoshi Himeta, Toru Kubo and Mark Peattie, more than 10 million Chinese civilians were mobilized by the Kōa-in (Japanese Asia Development Board) for forced labour. More than 100,000 civilians and POWs died in the construction of the Burma-Siam Railway.
The U.S. Library of Congress estimates that in Java, between four and 10 million romusha (Japanese: "manual laborer"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese laborers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia. Only 52,000 were repatriated to Java, meaning that there was a death rate of 80%.

According to historian Akira Fujiwara, Emperor Hirohito personally ratified the decision to remove the constraints of international law (Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)) on the treatment of Chinese prisoners of war in the directive of August 5, 1937. This notification also advised staff officers to stop using the term "prisoners of war". The Geneva Convention exempted POWs of sergeant rank or higher from manual labour, and stipulated that prisoners performing work should be provided with extra rations and other essentials. However, Japan was not a signatory to the Geneva Convention at the time, and Japanese forces did not follow the convention.
The Empire of Japan, which had never signed the Second Geneva Convention of 1929, also did not treat prisoners of war in accordance with international agreements, including provisions of the Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907), either during the Second Sino-Japanese War or during the Pacific War. Moreover, according to a directive ratified on 5 August 1937 by Hirohito, the constraints of the Hague Conventions were explicitly removed on Chinese prisoners

Prisoners of war from China, the United States, Australia, Britain, Canada, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand and the Philippines held by the Japanese armed forces were subject to murder, beatings, summary punishment, brutal treatment, forced labour, medical experimentation, starvation rations and poor medical treatment. The most notorious use of forced labour was in the construction of the Burma–Thailand Death Railway

According to the findings of the Tokyo Tribunal, the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%, seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. The death rate of Chinese was much larger. Thus, while 37,583 prisoners from the United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Dominions, 28,500 from Netherlands and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan, the number for the Chinese was only 56. After the war, it became clear that there existed a high command order – issued from the War Ministry in Tokyo – to kill all remaining POWs

The International Labour Organization's Forced Labour Convention of 1930 defines forced labour as "all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself [or herself] voluntarily." (For the origins of the term "corvée," see the entry in the Columbia Encyclopedia.)

One of the few very scholars to have attended to the genocidal (or "democidal") dimension of forced labour is R.J. Rummel. In his book Death by Government, Rummel offers the estimate that "at a rock-bottom minimum, 10 million colonial forced laborers must have died" as a result of the brutal exploitation inflicted upon them, and "the true toll may have been several times this number." He adds:

This does not even weigh the human cost of the state's conventional forced labor -- that of subjects compelled to man galleys, sail ships (as by the operation of press-gangs in British ports), carry supplies and weapons in time of war or rebellion, build pyramids, construct fortifications, or build roads, bridges, dams, canals and the like. Indeed, the use of such forced labor, or corvée, has been traditional in Asia, even up to recent decades. Sometimes this labor served in lieu of taxes, where the subject was decreed to owe to the king or emperor or state a month or more of labor per year. While perhaps justifiable in theory, the practice often meant that overseers would execute the laborer that was too often late for work, slow on the job, sickly, or critical of the work. (Rummel, Death by Government [New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1994], pp. 64-65.)

The Burma Railway
The Burma Railway, also known as the Death Railway, the Thailand–Burma Railway and similar names, is a 415 kilometres (258 mi) railway between Bangkok, Thailand, and Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar), built by the Empire of Japan during World War II, to support its forces in the Burma campaign.

Forced labour was used in its construction. About 180,000 Asian labourers and 60,000 Allied prisoners of war (POWs) worked on the railway. Of these, around 90,000 Asian laborers (mainly romusha) and 16,000 Allied POWs died as a direct result of the project. The dead POWs included 6,318 British personnel, 2,815 Australians, 2,490 Dutch, about 356 Americans and a smaller number of Canadians and New Zealanders.

POW Camp & Forced Labor Concentration Camp
The living and working conditions on the railway were horrific. The estimated total number of civilian labourers and POWs who died during construction varies considerably, but the Australian Government figures suggest that of the 330,000 people that worked on the line (including 250,000 Asian labourers and 61,000 Allied POWs) about 90,000 of the labourers and about 16,000 Allied prisoners died. See external link below.
Portrait of POW "Dusty" Rhodes. A three-minute sketch by Old painted in Thailand in 1944.

Life in the POW camps was recorded at great risk to themselves by artists such as Jack Bridger Chalker, Philip Meninsky, Ashley George Old and Ronald Searle. Human hair was often used for brushes, plant juices and blood for paint, and toilet paper as the 'canvas'. Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Many are now held by the Australian War Memorial, State Library of Victoria and the Imperial War Museum in London.

But the horrors, starvation, sickness, and death that occurred during the construction of the Thailand-Burma railway are not the whole story. Except for the worst months of the construction period, known as the "Speedo" (mid-spring to mid-October 1943), one of the ways the Allied POWs kept their spirits going in the hellish conditions was to ask one of the musicians in their midst to play his guitar or accordion for them, or lead them in a group singalong, or request their camp comedians to tell some rough jokes, or put on a skit.

After the railway was completed, the POWs still had almost two years to survive before their liberation. During this time, most of the POWs were moved to hospital and relocation camps where they could be available for maintenance crews or sent to Japan to alleviate the manpower shortage there. It was in these camps that entertainment flourished as an essential part of their rehabilitation. Theatres out of bamboo and atap (palm fronds) were built, set, lighting, costumes and makeup devisded, and an array of entertainment produced that included music halls, variety shows, cabarets, plays, and musical comedies – even pantomimes. These activities engaged numerous POWs as actors, singers, musicians, designers, technicians, and female impersonators.

POWs and Asian workers were also used to build the Kra Isthmus Railway from Chumphon to Kra Buri, and the Sumatra or Palembang Railway from Pakanbaroe to Moeara.

The construction of the Burma Railway is counted as a war crime committed by Japan in Asia. Hiroshi Abe, the first lieutenant who supervised construction of the railway at Sonkrai where over 3,000 POWs died, was later sentenced to death as a B/C class war criminal. His sentence was later commuted to 15 years in prison.

Hellfire Pass was a particularly difficult section of the line to build due to it being the largest rock cutting on the railway, coupled with its general remoteness and the lack of proper construction tools during building. The Australian, British, Dutch, other allied prisoners of war, along with Chinese, Malays and Tamils labourers, were required by the Japanese to complete the cutting. Sixty nine men were beaten to death by Japanese and Korean guards in the six weeks it took to build the cutting, and many more died from cholera, dysentery, starvation, and exhaustion (Wigmore 568)

The Railway after the war
After the war the railway was in very poor condition and needed heavy reconstruction for use by the Royal Thai Railway system. On 24 June 1949, the portion from Kanchanaburi to Nong Pladuk (Thai หนองปลาดุก) was finished; on 1 April 1952, the next section up to Wang Pho (Wangpo) was done. Finally, on 1 July 1958 the rail line was completed to Nam Tok (Thai น้ำตก, English Sai Yok "waterfalls".) The portion in use today measures some 130 km (80 miles). The line was abandoned beyond Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi. The steel rails were salvaged for reuse in expanding the Bangsue railway yard, reinforcing the BKK-Banphachi double track, rehabilitating the track from Thung Song to Trang, and constructing both the Nong Pladuk-Suphanburi and Ban Thung Pho-Khirirat Nikhom branch lines. Parts of abandoned route have been converted into a walking trail.

Since the 1990s various proposals have been made to rebuild the complete railway, but these plans have not yet come to fruition. Since a large part of the original railway line is now submerged by the Vajiralongkorn Dam, and the surrounding terrain is mountainous, it would take extensive tunneling to reconnect Thailand with Burma by rail.

Cemeteries and memorials
After the war, the remains of most of the war dead were moved from former POW camps burial grounds and solitary sites along the rail line to one of three war cemeteries. The exception was fallen Americans, who were repatriated to the United States. (A total of 902 American POWs worked on the railway – 534 men from the 131st Field Artillery Regiment and 368 survivors of the sunken USS Houston (CA-30); 133 of them died.)

The main POW cemetery is in the city of Kanchanaburi, where 6,982 POWs are buried, mostly British, Australian, Dutch and Canadians. Also at the main cemetery is the Kanchanaburi Memorial, which honours 11 Indian soldiers from British regiments who were buried in local Muslim cemeteries. A smaller cemetery just outside the city is Chung Kai, with 1,750 war graves. Thanbyuzayat in Myanmar has the graves of 3,617 POWs (3,149 Commonwealth and 621 Dutch) who died on the Burmese portion of the line. The three cemeteries there are maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.

Several museums are dedicated to those who perished building the railway. The largest of these is at Hellfire Pass (north of the current terminus at Nam Tok), a cutting where the greatest number of lives were lost. An Australian memorial is at Hellfire Pass. Two other museums are in Kanchanaburi – the Thailand-Burma Railway Museum, opened in March 2003, and the JEATH War Museum. There is a memorial plaque at the Kwae bridge itself and an historic wartime steam locomotive is on display.

A preserved section of line has been rebuilt at the National Memorial Arboretum in England.

The Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL) by ILO
In June 1998 the International Labour Conference adopted a Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up that obligates member States to respect, promote and realize freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of all forms of forced or compulsory labour, the effective abolition of child labour, and the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. The InFocus Programme on Promoting the Declaration is responsible for the reporting processes and technical cooperation activities associated with the Declaration; and it carries out awareness raising, advocacy and knowledge functions.

In November 2001, following the publication of the first Global Report on forced labour, the ILO Governing Body created a Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL), as part of broader efforts to promote the 1998 Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Follow-up.













But many were not POW, but civilian forced labor ....

When my two uncles passed away, as victim of force labour of Japanese Imperial Army. What left in the family were two old aged parent and younger siblings, who still need the financial support. Facing the difficult time of post war period, without the presence of the two sons who are skilled in the trade, the family business suffered. No family members were able to manage the business, the lucrative family business finally was forced to close. This greatly affected the livelihood and financial of the family for many years. My grandparent were left to suffer the agony of the loss of two sons, and the loss of business that was build up by their parent. They suffered for a long time, until they passed away... An unforgotten event of the WW2, only the family members will understand the mental torture, of the past memory of the war.

For such a long time........the bad memory of Japanese Occupation in Penang.....

It was a long time since the WW2, many things had been forgotten; yet my two uncles who died young during the Japanese Occupation were forever staying underground not knowing why this happen to them. They returned and died, and their names will be forgotten, without any memorial. Only a basic tombstone, and wild grasses accompanied them, without any family member of his own as they died young and unmarried.

Some years later, may be as their siblings are slowly followed them to the next world; they will be forgotten, and tombstone will be no more, and may be disappeared without any traces. So were the history of forced labor of Burma/Siamese from Penang.

They were not POW, but only forced labor of Imperial Japanese Army during the occupation......and the ugly story still continue today...

But, Lest We Forget .... the historical truth...禁止強制労働（きょうせいろうどう）...

Related articles/books/websites:
1. Proof of POW Forced Labor for Japan’s Foreign Minister: The Aso Mines; http://www.japanfocus.org/-William-Underwood/2432
2. The Special Action Programme to combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL), http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/AboutSAPFL/lang--en/index.htm
3. ILO between the two world wars 1930, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/support/lib/century/content/1930.htm