Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings - Founder of Penang Free School

Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings(b. 1782; d. 1827)

1782- Born, parent John Hutchings and Sarah Sparke

Baptism: Dittisham baptd 11 Apl 1781 (not confirm as year early than year born)

1803- St Edmund's Hall, Oxford, BA 30-10-1803 Ordination as deacon of Dittsham at Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Palace, Exeter by Bishop Fisher, John/Exeter(1803-1807) (ref: http://www.theclergydatabase.org.u/jsp/DisplayOrdination.jsp?CDBOrdRedID=190407)

1805- Robert Sparke Hutchings (1805 to 1827). Reactor of St. George's Church, Dittisham, Devonshire(note: it was also written his father John Hutchings (1768 to 1802)was also Reactor there). It was reported he was rector from 1805-1827, that is wrong as in 1816 he was in Penang. Dittisham is a village and civil parish in the South Hams district of the English county of Devon. It is situated on the banks of the tidal River Dart, some 2 miles (3.2 km) upstream of Dartmouth.

1808 - St Edmund's Hall, Oxford, MA. Ordination at Exeter St Mary Steps.//Diocese of Exeter on 14-6-1808 as reactor of Dittinsham alias Dittisham St George by Bishop: Manners Sutton, Charles( ref: http://ccedb.cch.kcl.ac.uk/jsp/bishops/DisplayBishop.jsp?ordTenID=23)

1813 Chaplain; Presidency Chaplain. The East India Company also appointed Anglican chaplains who served as part of the military service. Resident Chaplain of Prince of Wales Island. The first Chaplain for Prince of Wales Island was Rev Atwill Lake in 1804.

1815 - He was presented to Dittisham in 1815, by the Earl of Mount Edgecombe

1816 - Rev Hutchings is now a Resident Chaplain of Prince of Wales Island.

Found Penang Free School at Love Lane in Penang. Rev Robert Hutchings, wanted to establish a free school to train “a race of intelligent and honest servants” of the Government (Chelliah 1947,37). The Penang Free School for boys was opened on 21 October 1816, at a house in Love Lane. About $10,867 were received from public subscriptions between 1816 and 1824 (Elcum 1908). This school is free only in the sense of being open to all creeds (Campbell,1998).

The Penang Free School, set up by Rev. R. Hutchings in 1816, was reported to contain a class to conduct ‘formal’ Tamil education in the Straits Settlement.

He found a Auxiliary Bible Society in Penang.

1817 - The foundation stone of Church of St George was laid. Rev Hutchings paid a visit to Bengal on account of his health but was persuaded by Calcutta Auxiliary Bible Society to stay for 3 years until 1820. Rev Hutchings was a Malay scholar. He translated Old Testatement in Jawi.

1818 - Married in 1818 with ELVIRA10 PHIPPS in India. St Geroge Church Penang was completed in 1818.

In 1818, with the assistance of Rev. Robert Sparke Hutchins (and the use of convict labor), Robert Smith channeled his growing passion by designing St George's Church (modeled after a larger church in Madras), in Penang, Malaysia. St. George’s Anglican Church is the oldest Anglican church in Southeast Asia and located at the corner of Lebuh Farquhar and Jalan Mesjid Kapitan Keling, Penang, Malaysia. The church was named after the patron saint of England. It was completed in 1818 on initiative of Penang Colonial Chaplain, Rev. Robert Sparke Hutchings and consecrated on 11 May 1819 by the Bishop of Calcutta, Thomas Fanshawe Middleton. The Greek temple in the church grounds is a memorial to Francis Light. Today it is one of the oldest landmarks in the city of George Town, and the oldest Anglican Church in Malaysia. In 2007 the church was declared one of the 50 National Treasures of Malaysia by the Malaysian government.

1819 - Daughter SARAH HUTCHINGS(b1819-d1876) was born. St George Church Penang was consecrated on 11 May 1819 by the Bishop of Calcutta, Thomas Fanshawe Middleton. Northam Road Cemetery was consecrated at the same time. Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings was not in Penang, He was in Bengal, India.

1820 -Son was born on December 18, 1820 in Penang

1821 - Son Robert Sparke Hutchings(b1820-d1910), same name with the father, was Christening on MAR 1821 in Penang, Pinang-Malaya, Malaysia

1822 - make his will in Penang in 18th July 1822

1823 - The founding of Raffles Institute, Singapore.

1 Apr 1823 : Raffles called a meeting with Robert Morrison (Dr), educationist and missionary, and Reverend Hutchings, chaplain of Prince of Wales Island. a meeting was held at Raffles' House on Government Hill on 1st April when a very long and able minute, written by Sir Stamford Raffles, from which sentences have been often quoted, was read, in which he stated that there were three objects hi view. (1) To educate the sons of the higher order of natives and others. (2) To afford means of instruction in the native languages to such of the Company's servants and others as may desire it. (3) To collect the scattered literature and traditions of the country with whatever may illustrate their (sic) laws and customs, and to publish and circulate in a correct form the most important of these, with such other works as may be calculated to raise the character of the institution and to be useful and instructive to the people.

A long paper written by Dr. Morrison was then read, suggesting the scheme for removing the Anglo-Chinese College from Malacca and uniting it with the Institution in Singapore. The Rev. R. S. Hutchings, who was the Chaplain at Penang, then spoke, and after him Dr. Morrison. These speeches were all reprinted in a pamphlet in Singapore in 1838, with the annual report of the Institution Free School. The officers were nominated, including the principal inhabitants, and among the Patrons was William Wilberforce, M.P. of England.

On 15th April the first meeting of the Trustees was held, Mr. J. A. Maxwell being the Honorary Secretary and A. L. Johnston & Co. the Honorary Treasurers. The subscriptions had amounted to $17,495; being $9,670 for the Institution generally, ?'$1,075 for the Scientific Department, and $6,750 for the Malayan College. The Anglo-Chinese College house at Malacca was intended to be sold, and $4,000 was included in the above amount as its probable proceeds, the East India Company contributing $4,000, Raffles $2,000, Dr. Morrison $1,200, Colonial Farquhar $1,000, the Sultan and Tumongong $1,000 each, and Lady Raffles $400. The other subscribers were Mr. Bonham, F. G-. Bernard, Captain Davis, Captain Flint, D. A. Eraser, G. Gordon, Thomas Howard, Lieut. L. N. Hull, Rev. R. S. Hutchings, Lieut. Jackson, A. L. Johnston, the Malay College, J, A. Maxwell, G. Mackenzie, Dr. Montgomerie, D. S. Napier, Charles Scott, and Rev. G. H. Thomson. A monthly subscription of $300 had been promised by Government for the schools, and $25 yearly for the library. Lieutenant Jackson made a plan and estimate of the proposed building, which he said could be constructed in twelve months, this was approved, and $15,000 was voted for the purpose.
(extract from http://www.ttc.edu.sg/csca/rart_doc/anecdot/ri-b.html)
After the meeting, Raffles made public his proposals for an institution of learning,a Malayan college. The resulting birth of the Singapore Institution also led to a call for a library and museum as "a means of diffusing knowledge" to both the Chinese and Malay students equally(ref: http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_696_2005-01-19.html)

The Singapore Institution is today's Raffles Institution. Raffles Institution is an independent school comprising an all-boys' Secondary section and a co-educational Junior College section. It is the oldest school in Singapore. Founded in 1823 as Singapore Institution by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, it is consistently ranked as one of the top secondary schools in Singapore in the now-defunct official school rankings released by the Ministry of Education.(source; wikipedia)

1826 - British settlements in Malacca, Penang, and Singapore were combined to form the British Colony of the Straits Settlement in 1826. Rev Hutchings was on sick leave for long period.

1827 - died on 20 Apr 1827 in Penang. Buried at The Northam Road Protestant Cemetery Penang.

Penang Free School

On the 6th February 1816, a committee headed by Reverend Robert Sparke Hutchings, then colonial chap-lain of the Prince of Wales Island submitted a proposal of the establishment of a school to the Governor of the day. On the 21st of October 1816, Penang Free School came into existence. The school is open to all children regardless of race or religion. Hence, it is named the Pinang Free School.

Housed on rented premises in Love Lane, Free School started as a Day School for boys and continued without interruptions since 1816 to the present day. The first school building was only ready for occupation in 1821 and was used for 107 years until 1927. By the 1920s, the school was badly over crowded and to accommodate the rising enrolment, the government acquired a new site of 30 acres in Green Lane. Construction of the new buildings commenced in 1924 and on the 9th of January, the new school buildings in Green Lane were officially declared open by the Resident Councilor of Penang, Mr. Ralph Scott. The old building was named 'Hutching's School' catering for primary education while Penang Free School became a secondary institution. The old building is now the State Museum.

The administration of the school was initially the responsibility of a Committee of Directors. How-ever, on the first of January 1920, by the passing of the Penang Free School (Acquisition) Bill, the Government took over the management of the school. The school, however, retained its endowments, administered by a Board of Trustees and chaired by the Chief Minister of Penang. The trustees are responsible for the provisions of scholarships for deserving students. One such scholarship is the Hutchings scholarship. With the implementation of the Educational Ordinance in 1957, Penang Free School became a national-type fully assisted secondary school run by a properly constituted Board of Governors. Since the loss of "Government" status, the provision of more facilities for the school had been greatly affected.

St George Church

The formation of the St George's Church was credited to Reverend Robert Sparke Hutchings, the same person who founded the Penang Free School, the oldest English school in Southeast Asia, and who gave his name to Hutchings School nearby.

Why the name was St George? Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings was naming the name after the parish church of his home village, Dittinsham alias Dittisham St George, where his father John Hutchings and himself were the reactor of the church.

Malay Grammar & Malay Bible translation
compiled and wrote what were considered the first books on Malay grammar, in addition to several elementary text-books and a dictionary mainly for school use. He founded the Auxiliary Bible Society and translated the New Testament into Malay.

Death in 1827
Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings died on 20th April, after only a week's illness (ref:The Asiatic journal and monthly miscellany, Volume 25, NO 125, by East India Company, Pg 113 1828)

Clergy deceased 1827
At Fort St George, Madras Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings, Reactor of Dittisham, Devonshire. He was of St Edmund's Hall, Oxford, MA, 1808; and was presented to Dittisham in 1815, by the Earl of Mount Edgecombe(pg 473, The Gentleman's magazine, Volume 97, Part 2, 1827).

The Will

Will of Robert Sparke Hutchings
from Newfoundland will books volume 1 pages 554 & 555 probate year 1848

In re
Robert Sparke Hutchings deceased.

In the name of the Most Holy and Blessed Trinity Father Son and Holy Ghost the one Great and Incomprehensible and Most Adorable God, Amen. I Robert Sparke Hutchings of Dittisham in the County of Devon Clerk but now Resident Chaplain of Prince of Wales Island in the East Indies being of sound mind but now mindful of the uncertainty of human existence do commit my soul to the mercy of God through the merits of my Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ and do make this my last will and testament in manner following,
first I give devise and bequeath all my real and personal estate in England the East Indies or elsewhere of which I may die possessed or be entitled to in reversion of whatsoever nature or description the same may be to my beloved and affectionate wife Elvira in whom I have every reason to place the most perfect confidence.
Secondly I will that she shall receive use and enjoy the income arising from the same during her life,
thirdly that she shall have power to dispose of the whole of the aforesaid property by her will giving the same to our children in such shares or proportions as she may think proper,
fourthly that nevertheless it is not hereby intended to exclude her from the power of selling or disposing of any part or parts thereof during her life provided it be for the use and benefit of any of our dear children,
lastly I do hereby constitute and appoint my said wife Elvira to be my sole executrix of this my last will and testament.
Dated at Penang this eighteen day of July 1822 (Signed) Robert Sparke Hutchings (LS)
Witnesses to this my last will and testament (Signed) Robt Ibbetson, H.C. Civil Service Penang. Ralph Rice Recorder of Penang. A.J. Kerr, Registrar of the Court of Judicature at Penang.

Certified correct
D.M. Browning
Registrar

(Will of Robert Sparke Hutchings from Newfoundland will book labeled, "REGISTRY OF WILLS 1846," pages 168 & 169 probate year 1848. It is probable that this will was probated in England in 1828.)

In the name of the Most Holy and Blessed Trinity Father Son and Holy Ghost the one Great and Incomprehensible God! Amen. I Robert Sparke Hutchings of Dittisham in the County of Devon Clerk but now Resident Chaplain of Prince of Wales Island in the East Indies being of sound mind but now mindful of the uncertainty of human existence do commit my soul to the mercy of God through the merits of my Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ and do make this my last Will and Testament in manner following.

First. I give devise and bequeath all my real and personal estate in England the East Indies or elsewhere of which I may die possessed or be entitled to in reversion of whatsoever nature or description the same may be to my beloved and affectionate wife, Elvira, in whom I have every reason to place the most perfect confidence.
Secondly. I will that she shall receive use and enjoy the income arising from the same during her life.
Thirdly. That she shall have power to dispose of the whole of the aforesaid property by her will giving the same to our children in such shares or proportions as she may think proper.
Fourthly. That nevertheless it is not hereby intended to exclude her from the power of selling or disposing of any part or parts thereof during her life provided it be for the use and benefit of any of our dear children.
lastly. I do hereby constitute and appoint my said wife Elvira to be my Sole Executrix of this my last Will and Testament.
Dated at Penang this eighteenth day of July 1822. (Signed) Robert Sparke Hutchings (LS)
Witnesses to this my last Will and Testament (Signed) Robert Ibbetson, HC Civil Service. Penang. ~
Ralph Rice. Recorder of Penang. A.J. Kerr, Registrar of the Court of Judicature at Penang ~ True Copy. Richard Allan Acting Registrar ~ Registrar the 16th July 1827 ___________
Proved at London the 19th September 1828 before the Worshipful John Daubery. Doctor of Laws and Surrogate by the oath of Elvira Hutchings. Widow the Relict the Sole Executrix to whom Administration was granted, having been first sworn duly to administer. Charles Duberley(?) ~ John Iggleston(?) Charles Bidford. Deputy Registrar

Why the copy of the will was found in Newfoundland, Canada was unknown.

Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings died in Penang on 20th April 1827, and was buried at the old Protestant Cemetery in Northam Road. I don't know whether the Penang Free School still maintains this tradition on the Founder's Day (the 21st of October), the school prefects would gather at his graveside in the morning to drink a toast to him.

Hutchings Primary School or SMK Hutchings at Farquhar Street(Lebuh Farquhar) in Penang is named after him. Penang Free School today no longer remain as Anglican School, it is now a government school. The traces of missionary school have been faded away slowly. The name " Free School" is for all, regardless of race, religion and background. His aim was to provide a school for the orphans and poor children. They were to be educated , fed and clothed. And since they were to be so completely taken care of, he suggested that it should be a boarding school but with room for day scholars. The day scholars were to be taught their own language by "nation teachers", and English would be taught to them only if they desired it. Plan for a girls' school too was included in the petition on the same basis. But under government school, all had changed. If Rev Hutchings is still around, he may not recognize the school....it was once the school for the rich and now the school for the privileges....

There is also a place called Taman Hutchings or Hutching Garden

And I sincerely hoped that there will be a mini museum set up in St George Church in memory of him.

Elvira Phipps, wife of Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings(b1791-d1875)

24. ELVIRA PHIPPS, the youngest of 15 Children of CONSTANTINE PHIPPS and ELIZABETH TIERNEY are b. June 20, 1791, Caen, Dept. of Calvados; d. March 1875, La Bigoterie, Guernsey.

ELVIRA10 PHIPPS (CONSTANTINE9, CONSTANTINE8, JAMES7, JAMES6, FRANCIS5, GEORGE4, ROBERT3)440 was born June 20, 1791 in Caen, Dept. of Calvados, and died March 1875 in La Bigoterie, Guernsey. She married (1) JAMES CAREY. Civil servant Cape of Good Hope, eldest son of the Jurat of the Royal Court; senior branch and head of noblesse of that island. Nephew to Lord de Saumarez and his mother was sister to General Le Marchant and aunt to Sir Gaspard and Sir Decies Le Marchant. She married (2) REVEREND ROBERT S. HUTCHINGS 1818. He died 1827 in Panaug, near Singapore. REVEREND R.S. HUTCHINGS: Christ Church, Oxon; Chaplain H.E.I.C.S.; Rector of Dittisham, Devon; Persian interpreter.

Children of ELVIRA PHIPPS and JAMES CAREY are:
45. i. EMMA AUGUSTA11 CAREY.
46. ii. REVEREND JAMES GASPARD LE MARCHANT CAREY, d. 1885.
47. iii. JULIA CAREY, d. 1872.
iv. LOUISA SOPHIA CAREY, d. 1891; m. CAPTAIN H. BANCE. Two children died in infancy.
48. v. MAJOR-GENERAL CONSTANTINE PHIPPS CAREY, b. May 29, 1835.

Children of ELVIRA PHIPPS and R.S. HUTCHINGS are:

49. vi. SARAH HUTCHINGS, b. 1819; d. 1876.
50. vii. REVEREND ROBERT SPARKE HUTCHINGS, b. December 18, 1820, Penaug, Singapore.
51. viii. ELVIRA HUTCHINGS.

Note: Julia Hutchings, Margaret Hutchings(? - d1928) are also listed as daughters of Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings(ref:Descendant Tree of John Hutchings , http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/a/m/Sue-P-Dambrumenil/PDFGENEO5.pdf). But it was reported they have 8 children.

Saturday 4 January 1840
MARRIAGES
In St.George’s Church on Monday 30th December by the Rev George Hough MA, Senior Colonial Chaplain:
Mr. W.H. TRANN to Francina BLEMAIRS.
Mr. James JORDEN to Isabella Johanna CHAPLIN.
MARRIED by Special Licence at Wynberg on the 2nd inst by the Rev Holt Okes DD, George POTT Esq, 3rd Bengal Infantry, eldest son of George POTT Esq of Podrig, Roxburghshire, to Julia, youngest daughter of the late Rev. Robert Sparke HUTCHINGS of Dittisham, Devon

Children of Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings

SARAH HUTCHINGS(b1819-d1876)

49. SARAH HUTCHINGS (ELVIRA PHIPPS, CONSTANTINE9, CONSTANTINE8, JAMES7, JAMES6, FRANCIS5, GEORGE4, ROBERT3) was born 1819, and died 1876. She married REVEREND A.J. MACLEANE, principal of Brighton College and subsequently Bath Grammar School.

Children of SARAH HUTCHINGS and A.J. MACLEANE are:

i. SARAH HOVENDEN12 MACLEANE, b. 1839; m. HENRY SLINGSBY BETHELL, 1860. Nephew of 1st Lord Westbury. Nine sons and six daughters.
ii. CHARLES DONALD MACLEANE, b. 1843; m. KATHERINE CAUNTER, 1868. Madras Civil Service. Three sons and two daughters.
iii. FLORA SOPHIA MACLEANE, b. 1848; m. REVEREND J. CHOLMELEY, Vicar of Swaby, Lincolnshire. Two sons and three daughters.
iv. EVELYN MARY SUSIE MACLEANE, b. 1850; m. REVEREND J.A. WILLIAMS, 1874, Vicar of Alderminster, Warwickshire. Five sons and four daughters.
v. WALTER ARTHUR MACLEANE, b. 1852. Dramatic author, New York.
vi. AGNES MARGARET MACLEANE, b. 1854. Nun of the Sacred Heart.
vii. REVEREND DOUGLAS MACLEANE, b. 1856; m. AUGUSTA WIGHTWICK, 1888. Rector of Codford St. Peter's, Bath. Two daus.
viii. ARTHUR JOHN MACLEANE, b. 1858; m. EVA MACLEAN, 1894. Dean of Argyll and the Isles.

REVEREND ROBERT SPARKE HUTCHINGS(b1820-d1910)- same name as the father

50. REVEREND ROBERT SPARKE HUTCHINGS (ELVIRA10 PHIPPS, CONSTANTINE9, CONSTANTINE8, JAMES7, JAMES6, FRANCIS5, GEORGE4, ROBERT3) was born December 18, 1820 in Penaug, Singapore. He married FRANCES HODSON 1845, daughter of C. HODSON. Honorable Canon of Salisbury; Proctor in Convocation; Vicar of Alderbury, Salisbury.

Children of ROBERT HUTCHINGS and FRANCES HODSON are:
i. CHARLES ROBERT12 HUTCHINGS, b. April 03, 1847; m. LIZETTA ATKIN, 1881. One son and three daughters.
ii. FRANCES MACLEANE HUTCHINGS, b. December 26, 1848; d. January 1850.
iii. DR. ARTHUR CAREY HUTCHINGS, b. May 25, 1850; d. of New South Wales.
iv. HENRY DURDON HUTCHINGS, b. September 08, 1854; d. July 11, 1880.
v. FRANCES MARY HUTCHINGS, b. December 29, 1858.
vi. REVEREND GEORGE CYRIL HUTCHINGS, b. July 08, 1864; m. FRANCES ETHEL OPENSHAW, 1891. Curate of Melksham, Wilts.
vii. ELIZABETH HUTCHINGS, b. December 31, 1865.

The obituary Notice for Fellow of Royal Royal Astronomical Society reported:

Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings was born on 18th Dec 1819 in Penang(known as Pulo Penang, East Indies)where his father was a Chaplain, holding the same time the living of Dittisham, Devon. He was educated at Clergy Orphan School in London, and was Exhibitioner of Christ Church, Oxford. After taking his degree in 1845, he was ordained to the curacy of Kingsteignton, South Devon, and in the same year he married Frances, only surviving child of late Charles Philip Hodson, of Stainley Hall, Yorks.

In 1850, he was appointed as Vicar of Monkton Wyld, Dorset, and in 1865 was made Vicar of Alderbury, near Salisbury ; this living he held until his death, having being made an Honorary Cannon of Salisbury in 1876. He was greatly interested in Astronomy, and owned several good instruments.

His wife predeceased him in 1896, a year after the celebration of their Golden Wedding. He died in 1910, November 6th, leaving two sons and two daughters. He was buried at Monkton Wyld, St Andrew (ref: http://www.opcdorset.org/MonktonWyldeFiles/MonktonWyldeMIs.htm)

He was elected a Fellow of Royal Astronomical Society on 1886 December, 10th.

(source: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 71, p.270.)

Marriage: 15 Apr 1891 St John, Yealand Conyers, Lancashire, England
George Cyril Hutchings - 26 clerk in Holy Orders bachelor of Meltsham, Wiltshire
Frances Ethel Openshaw - 27 spinster of Yealand Conyers
Groom's Father: Robert Sparke Hutchings, clerk in Holy Orders
Bride's Father: James Arthur Openshaw, Gentleman
Witness: J A Openshaw; Frances Hutchings; Philip Allan C??? Ellis
Married by Banns by: R S HUTCHINGS, [other text hard to read]
Register: Marriages 1867 - 1920, P 28, No 55
Source: Film 1849661

(Source:http://www.lan-opc.org.uk/Warton-near-Lancaster/stjohnycn/marriages_1867-1920.html)

Elvira Hutchings(same name as the mother)

51. ELVIRA HUTCHINGS (ELVIRA10 PHIPPS, CONSTANTINE9, CONSTANTINE8, JAMES7, JAMES6, FRANCIS5, GEORGE4, ROBERT3) She married MAJOR-GENERAL CHARLES MORAY MACLEANE.

Children of ELVIRA HUTCHINGS and CHARLES MACLEANE are:
i. MAJOR THOMAS MACLEANE.
ii. CATHERINE ELVIRA MACLEANE, m. CAPTAIN RICHARDSON. 35th Regt. One son and one daughter.
iii. FREDERICK HOVENDEN MACLEANE.
iv. MARION ISABEL MACLEANE.
v. B.A. MORAY MACLEANE, b. South Africa.

(source: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~walkersj/FrancisPhipps.html)

Related articles

1.Rev Robert Sparke Hutchings, http://ssquah.blogspot.com/2009/11/rev-robert-sparke-hutchings.html(you can see the photo of the tombstone in The Northam Road Protestant Cemetery Penang.
2. St. George's Church, http://www.dittisham.org.uk/st._georges_church.asp
3. A Collection of Newfoundland Wills(Robert Sparke Hutchings), http://ngb.chebucto.org/Wills/hutchings-robert-sparke-1-554.shtml
4. Descendant Tree of John Hutchings , http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/d/a/m/Sue-P-Dambrumenil/PDFGENEO5.pdf
5. Ven. A C Dumper, The History of Saint George's Church, Penang, http://www.ttc.edu.sg/csca/epub/guides/stgeorge-pen.htm
6. The Beginnings of the Raffles Institute, http://www.ttc.edu.sg/csca/rart_doc/anecdot/ri-b.html